HMS Romulus (1785)

HMS ''Romulus'' was a 36-gun fifth rate frigate of the ''Flora'' class, built for the Royal Navy and launched in September 1785. At the outbreak of the French Revolutionary War, ''Romulus'' was despatched to the Mediterranean where she joined a fleet under Admiral Lord Hood, initially blockading, and later occupying, the port of Toulon. She played an active role during the withdrawal in December, providing covering fire while HMS ''Robust'' and HMS ''Leviathan'' removed allied troops from the waterfront.

With three other frigates and 13 ships-of-the-line, ''Romulus'' chased a smaller French squadron into Gourjean Bay in August 1794. Kept away by the batteries on the shore, Hood returned to Corsica with four ships, leaving ''Romulus'', three other frigates and nine ships-of-the-line, to form a blockade. This ultimately failed due to bad weather and the French ships escaped.
Following the Battle of Genoa on 14 March 1795, boats from ''Romulus'' assisted in the recovery of stores and crew from , which had been badly damaged during the action and subsequent storm.

In January 1797, ''Romulus'' was in the small squadron, under Commodore Horatio Nelson that evacuated the island of Elba. While the escaping convoy was escorted to Gibraltar, ''Romulus'', with Nelson's ship , carried out a surveillance of the enemy ports and coast. On 24 May, in a ruse de guerre, ''Romulus'' captured a Spanish 20-gun corvette. Approaching under false colours with a second British frigate, the Spanish vessel was taken without a shot being fired.

''Romulus'' was converted to a troopship in mid-1799 and served in the Egyptian campaign, landing troops for the battle of Aboukir on 8 March 1801. She was paid off at the end of the war in 1802. When hostilities resumed in May 1803, ''Romulus'' was converted into a floating battery, standing guard first at Woolwich, then Hollesley Bay near East Anglia and finally Leith. During the later half of 1810, ''Romulus'' was converted to a troopship once more and in 1812 was back in the Mediterranean. In July 1813 she had a short-lived appointment as a hospital ship in Bermuda. She paid off that December, was ship commissioning, recommissioned a final time, and was eventually ship breaking, broken up on the island in November 1816.

Construction and armament

''Romulus'' was a 36-gun, Flora-class frigate, ''Flora''-class frigate built to Surveyor of the Navy John Williams (shipbuilder), Sir John Williams' design and ordered on 28 December 1781. Her Keel#Structural keels, keel, of was keel laying, laid down at Limehouse in November 1782 by shipwright company Greaves and Purnell.Winfield (2007) pp. 204–205 The build cost £11,154 5/4d.

''Romulus'' was along the gun deck, had a beam (nautical), beam of and a depth of hold, depth in hold of . She was 879 Builder's Old Measurement, tons burthen and drew between at the bow (ship), bow and at the stern. When fully manned, she would carry a complement of 270.Winfield (2007) p. 205

Ceremonial ship launching, Launched on 21 September 1785, ''Romulus'' was taken down the Thames to Deptford Dockyard, where work began on 11 October to have her sheathed in copper and rigged for sailing to Portsmouth. The works cost £1,736. With a further £2,333 spent finishing the fitting-out at Portsmouth, ''Romulus'' had cost the Admiralty £15,345 5/4d.

''Flora''-class frigates were designed in an attempt to counter the threat of the heavier frigates being built by the other great naval powers of the time. They were originally constructed to carry a main battery of twenty-six 18-pounder long gun, guns on the Deck (ship)#Upper deck, upper deck, with a secondary armament of eight guns on the quarterdeck and two on the forecastle. By the time ''Romulus'' was ordered however, the armament had twice been increased with the addition of eight 18-pounder carronades and twelve swivel guns in September 1799 and the upgrading of the 6-pound long guns with 9-pounders in April 1780.

Service

First ship commissioning, commissioned in May 1790, ''Romulus'' was under the command of Captain (Royal Navy), Captain Thomas Lennox Frederick until she was paid off in September 1791. Following Britain's entry into the French Revolutionary War in February 1793, ''Romulus'' was recommissioned under Captain John Sutton (Royal Navy officer), John Sutton and refit, refitted at Portsmouth in April. On the twenty-second of that month she set sail for the Mediterranean where she joined Admiral William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham, William Hotham's squadron.

In August 1793, ''Romulus'' was blockading the port of Toulon with Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, Lord Hood's fleet and was among the vessels that shared in the capture, on 5 August, of the ''Prince Royal of Sweden''. ''Romulus'' took a polacca on 20 August, while in the company of the 64-gun , the 74-gun and the 50-gun and on 28 August she took part in the Siege of Toulon (1793), occupation of Toulon, receiving a share of the prize money for the ships captured there. With the 32-gun , she captured a French gunboat on 16 November and during the evacuation in December, ''Romulus'' provided covering fire while ''Robust'' and the 74-gun removed allied troops from the waterfront.

Corsica

Early in 1794 ''Romulus'', with the 104-gun , 98-gun , 90-gun , , , , , all of 74 guns, the 40-gun , 32-gun , 28-gun and ''Meleager'', supported the troops under Major-general (United Kingdom), Major-General David Dundas (British Army officer), Sir David Dundas that captured the town of San Fiorenzo in the Gulf of Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse, St Florent, Corsica. There they found the scuttling, scuttled French frigate ''Minerve'' on 19 February, and were able to refloat her. She was taken into service as the 38-gun . ''Romulus'' shared in the prize money for both the frigate and for the naval stores captured in the town.

The British fleet under Hood was laying off Bastia in early June 1794 when word was received that seven French ships-of-the-line and five frigates had broken out of Toulon. Setting off in pursuit, with 13 ships-of-the-line and four frigates, including ''Romulus'', the British spotted their quarry on 10 June, and by dawn the next day had closed the distance to . Wishing to avoid conflict with a superior force, the French sought shelter in Gourjean Bay. When they arrived at the anchorage at about 14:00, the only British ship close enough to engage was the 28-gun frigate which was beaten off by the fire from the rearmost French vessels and the two forts guarding the entrance. A plan was formulated to capture or destroy the French fleet with ''Romulus'', ''Dido'', ''Juno'', ''Meleager'' and the 74-gun , attacking the four enemy frigates. The scheme was delayed by contrary winds and tides and then cancelled after the French fortified their position by landing guns and establishing batteries on the shore.James (Vol.I) p. 193

Hood returned to Corsica, arriving at Calvi, Haute-Corse, Calvi on 27 June with ''Victory'', ''Princess Royal'' and two 74s, having left the remainder of the fleet under Hotham. The force, comprising nine ships-of-the-line and four frigates, including ''Romulus'' was supposed to blockade the bay, but was blown off station during a storm, and the French escaped back to Toulon.James (Vol.I) p. 193Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 245

Battle of Genoa

Later in August 1794, Captain George Johnstone Hope, George Hope was appointed to ''Romulus'', and in November Hood left for England, leaving Hotham as the Commander-in-Chief. ''Romulus'' was one of seven frigates which, together with 13 ships-of-the-line, two sloop-of-war, sloops and a naval cutter, cutter, were anchored in the roadstead, roads of Livorno on 8 March 1795. The following day, a British scout, the 24-gun sloop , brought news that a French fleet of 15 ships-of-the-line, six frigates and two brigs, had been seen off the Lérins Islands, islands of Sainte-Marguerite. Hotham immediately ordered his ships to sea and on 10 March the advanced British frigates spotted the French fleet at some distance. Making their way back to Toulon against the wind, the French had with them the recently captured 74-gun , which had been undergoing repairs at Corsica and was sailing under a jury rig when taken on Action of 8 March 1795, 8 March.

The British had been in pursuit for two days when on the night of 12 March a storm developed. Two French ships of the line, ''Berwick'' and French ship Mercure (1783), ''Mercure'', were damaged and had to be escorted to Gourjean Bay by two frigates, leaving the opposing fleets roughly equal in strength and number. Seeing that the French were intending to avoid battle, the next morning Hotham, who had hitherto been trying to line of battle, form line, ordered a general chase, and at 08:00 the 80-gun at the rear of the French fleet, collided with the 80-gun French ship Languedoc (1766), ''Victoire'' and its fore and main topmasts collapsed overboard. The leading British ship was the 36-gun frigate, under Captain Thomas Fremantle (Royal Navy officer), Thomas Fremantle, which reached the damaged ''Ça Ira'' within an hour of the collision and opened fire at close range, causing further damage. Seeing the danger, the French frigate ''Vestale'' fired upon ''Inconstant'' from a distance before taking the limping ''Ça Ira'' in tow.James (Vol.I) p. 257

The chase continued throughout the day and night with the British vanguard, van sporadically engaging with the French rearguard. ''Ça Ira'' dropped further and further behind the main body of the French force; to better protect the damaged ship, ''Vestale'' was replaced with a ship of the line, the 74-gun .James (Vol.I) p. 258 By morning the fleets were south-west of Genoa with the British rapidly gaining on the French. ''Ça Ira'' and ''Censeur'' had fallen a long way back from the French fleet, and Hotham sent his two fastest ships after them. ''Captain'' and the 74-gun did not arrive simultaneously however, and were both repulsed, although further damage was inflicted on the French stragglers in the process. As more British ships arrived, the French fleet broke off the engagement and left ''Ça Ira'' and ''Censeur'' to their fate. Hotham was content with the capture of these prizes and made no attempt to pursue the fleeing French.

After the action, the British fleet anchored in the Gulf of La Spezia to make repairs, but on 17 March was struck by a heavy gale. The badly damaged ''Illustrious'', which had been taken in tow by ''Meleager'', broke free and grounded near Avenza. On 20 March, the weather had abated sufficiently to effect a rescue. ''Romulus'', Tarleton (1780 Glasgow ship), ''Tarleton'', HMS Lowestoffe (1761), ''Lowestoffe'', and teams of ship's boats, successfully removed all of the crew and most of the ship's stores without casualties but were unable to save the irreparably damaged ship. Once the wreck had been cleared, it was set on fire and abandoned.James (Vol.I) p.265

Following temporary repairs to the battle and storm damaged British Fleet, ''Romulus'' and her compatriots left Spezia bay on 25 March and arrived the next day at San Fiorenzo, where further work was carried out to the afflicted ships. Upon completion on 18 April, Hotham's ships, minus the two prizes, ''Ça Ira'' and ''Censeur'', set sail for Livorno and anchored in the roads there on 27 April.

Escort duties and cruising

On 26 September 1794, in company with of 64 guns, ''Romulus'' captured an enemy ship, ''Aballata'', loaded with coin, specie. She took another prize in January the following year, and a further vessel in July 1796. ''Romulus'' was also in sight when the 32-gun captured the Danish ship, ''Concordia'' on 27 February 1796, and was therefore entitled to a share of the spoils.

In January 1797, ''Romulus'' assisted in the evacuation of the island of Elba along with 40-gun under Commodore Horatio Nelson, ''Dido'' and 32-gun ; the storeships HMS Janus (1778), HMS ''Dromedary'' and , and two sloops. On 29 January the squadron left Portoferraio, with 12 transport ship, transports bound for Gibraltar but on that evening, ''Minerve'' and ''Romulus'' left the convoy to carry out a surveillance of the enemy ports and coast.James (Vol.I) p. 366 The two frigates travelled first to Corsica, evacuated by the British in October the previous year. Finding nothing of any consequence in San Fiorenzo Bay, Nelson decided to investigate Toulon. Arriving on 1 February, two days were spent in the roads and looking into the port but there was no sign of the enemy fleet, and the few ships that were there were not in a seaworthy condition. The frigates subsequently sailed to Barcelona, where they flew French Military colours, standards and guidons, colours in the hope of tempting out any ships within. This ruse de guerre was not successful however, and with the wind being contrary for Minorca, the two British vessels sailed instead for Cartagena, Spain, Cartagena. Finding it empty also, Nelson surmised that the combined Spanish and French fleet had gone west and was operating outside the Mediterranean. ''Minerve'' and ''Romulus'' therefore, rejoined the rest of the squadron at Gibraltar on 10 February.

With the 36-gun , ''Romulus'' captured the 20-gun corvette ''Nuestra Senora del Rosario'' off Cadiz on 24 May 1797. The two British ships approached under false colours and did not reveal their true identity until they were alongside; at which point the Spanish vessel struck, without a shot being fired. ''Romulus'' and ''Mahonesa'' made a further capture on 10 September when, this time with the assistance of ''Romulus''' sister ship, the 36-gun , they took the French brig, ''Espoir''. In February 1798, ''Romulus'' sailed for England, under Captain Henry Heathcote, where she paid off.Winfield (2008) p. 136

Troopship

During mid-1799, ''Romulus'' was recommissioned as a troopship and sent to the Mediterranean under Commander (Royal Navy), Commander John Culverhouse. Even in this lightly-armed state she was still an effective warship, capturing a Danish brig out of Livorno on 14 June 1800. On 30 September, ''Romulus'' was in sight when a privateer took a Swedish brig, and was therefore entitled to a share of the prize money.
She served in the Navy's French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Egyptian campaign, landing troops at Battle of Abukir (1801), Aboukir bay on 8 March 1801, where she came under fire, which killed one of her crew and wounded another. On 3 December, while Culverhouse was recovering from an illness, Lieutenant (Royal Navy), Lieutenant Thomas Staines was appointed to the command of ''Romulus'' to ferry the 64th Regiment of Foot from Alexandria to Malta. ''Romulus'' paid off at the end of the war in 1802.

Later service and fate

In March 1803, ''Romulus'' was converted into a floating battery, with 32 18-pound long guns and recommissioned under Commander Woodley Losack in April. She guarded the Thames near Woolwich until June, when, hostilities with France having resumed in May, she was transferred to Hollesley Bay (Suffolk), Hollesley Bay, off East Anglia, a popular anchorage for the Royal Navy at that time. Command passed to Commander Charles Pelly in January 1804, then Lieutenant Thomas Burton in May, when she transported troops to the mouth of the Elbe before sailing to the Firth of Forth to stand sentry at Leith.

''Romulus'' was laid up at Chatham from 1807 until some point in 1809. Between June and October 1810 she was converted to a lightly-armed troopship with fourteen 9-pounders on the upper deck, two on the forecastle and six 18-pound carronades on the quarterdeck. Commander David Leslie-Melville, 8th Earl of Leven, Lord Balgonie joined her in September. In March 1812, under Lieutenant George Knight, she transported troops to Lisbon, Catalonia and North America, and assisted in the capture of Ocracoke, North Carolina, Ocracoke and Portsmouth, North Carolina, in July 1813. She was after taken to Bermuda where she was used as a hospital ship.Marshall p. 356 This was a short-lived appointment, and she paid off in December. She was later recommissioned while still in Bermuda but was eventually broken up there in November 1816.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Romulus (1785), HMS
1785 ships
Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy