HMS Implacable (1805)

HMS ''Implacable'' was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She was originally the French Navy's ''Duguay-Trouin'', launched in 1800.

She survived the Battle of Trafalgar only for the British to capture her at the subsequent Battle of Cape Ortegal. In British service she participated in the capture of the Imperial Russian Navy 74-gun ship of the line ''Vsevolod'' (Russian: ''Всеволод'') in the Baltic in 1808 during the Anglo-Russian War. Later, ''Implacable'' became a training ship. Eventually, she became the second oldest ship in the Royal Navy after , Lord Nelson's flagship at Trafalgar. When the Royal Navy finally scuttled ''Implacable'' in 1949, she flew both the French and British flags side-by-side as she sank.

French career

The ship was originally named ''Duguay-Trouin'' after René Duguay-Trouin. Construction, to a plan by Rolland but updated to a plan by Sané, began in 1794 but was interrupted in 1795. She was finally laid down in 1797, and launched at Rochefort in 1800.

On 22 November 1802, under Captain Claude Touffet, she departed Toulon as part of a squadron commanded by Commodore Quérangal, also comprising the frigate ''Guerrière'' and the flagship ''Duquesne'', a sister ''Téméraire''-class vessel armed en flûte. Bound for Santo Domingo, the squadron found itself blockaded in Cap Français during the Blockade of Saint-Domingue by , , and . After a successful sortie in the dark, the squadron split up. ''Guerrière'' and ''Duguay-Trouin'' managed to escape but ''Vanguard'', with , captured ''Duquesne''.

Under ''Capitaine de Vaisseau'' L'hermite she participated in an action at Cap Français.

On 21 October 1805, ''Duguay-Trouin'' took part in the Battle of Trafalgar, where she was part of the vanguard of the French fleet under ''Contre-amiral'' Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, and was one of four French ships that escaped capture that day.

Capture

On 3 November 1805, British Captain Sir Richard Strachan, with , , , and four frigates, defeated and captured what remained of the Franco-Spanish fleet. In the battle, the captain of ''Duguay-Trouin'', Claude Touffet, was killed, her masts were shot away, and she was eventually captured.

British service in the Napoleonic Wars

The Royal Navy commissioned her as a third rate under the name HMS ''Implacable''. ''Implacable'' served with the Royal Navy for the rest of the Napoleonic Wars.

Anglo-Russian War

In early 1808 Russia initiated the Finnish War in response to Sweden's refusal to bow to Russian pressure to join the anti-British alliance. Russia captured Finland and made it a Grand Duchy under the Russian Empire. The British decided to take counter-measures and in May sent a fleet, including ''Centaur'', under Vice-Admiral Sir James Saumarez to the Baltic. Thus in March 1808 ''Implacable'' was in the Baltic, under the command of Captain Thomas Byam Martin.

On 9 July, the Russian fleet, under Admiral Peter Khanykov, came out from Kronstadt. The Swedes massed a fleet under Swedish Admiral Cederstrom, consisting of 11 line-of-battle ships and 5 frigates at Örö and Jungfrusund to oppose them. On 16 August, Saumarez then sent and ''Implacable'' to join the Swedish fleet. They chased two Russian frigates on 19 July and joined the Swedes the following day.

On 22 August, the Russian fleet, which consisted of nine ships of the line, five large frigates and six smaller ones, moved from Hanko and appeared off the Örö roads the next day. The Swedish ships from Jungfrusund had joined Rear-Admiral Nauckhoff and by the evening of 24 August the combined Anglo-Swedish force had made its preparations. Early the next day they sailed from
Örö to meet the Russians.

The Anglo-Swedish force discovered the Russians off Hango Udd but the Russians retreated as the Allied ships followed them. ''Centaur'' and ''Implacable'' exhibited superior sailing and slowly outdistanced their Swedish allies. At 5am on 26 August ''Implacable'' caught up with a Russian straggler, the 74-gun ''Vsevolod'' (also ''Sewolod''), under Captain Daniil Rudnev.

''Implacable'' and ''Vsevolod'' exchanged fire for about 20 minutes before ''Vsevolod'' ceased firing. ''Vsevolod'' hauled down her colours, but Hood recalled ''Implacable'' because the Russian fleet was approaching. During the fight ''Implacable'' lost six dead and 26 wounded; ''Vsevolod'' lost some 48 dead and 80 wounded.

The Russian frigate ''Poluks'' then towed ''Vsevolod'' towards Rager Vik (Ragerswik or Rogerswick), but when ''Centaur'' started to chase them the frigate dropped her tow. The Russians sent out boats to bring her in, in which endeavor they almost succeeded. They did succeed in putting 100 men aboard her as reinforcements and to replace her casualties.

However, just outside the port, ''Centaur'' was able to collide with ''Vsevolod''. A party of seamen from ''Centaur'' then lashed her mizzen to the Russian bowsprit before ''Centaur'' opened fire. ''Vsevolod'' dropped her anchor and with both ships stuck in place, both sides attempted to board the other vessel. In the meantime, ''Implacable'' had come up and added her fire to the melee. After a battle of about half an hour, the Russian vessel struck again.

''Implacable'' hauled ''Centaur'' off. Their prize was so firmly aground that after taking out the prisoners and wounded men, Sir Samuel Hood, in ''Centaur'', ordered ''Vsevolod'' to be burnt. The British removed their prisoners and then set fire to ''Vsevolod'', which blew up some hours later. ''Centaur'' had lost three killed and 27 wounded. ''Vsevolod'' lost another 124 men killed and wounded in the battle with ''Centaur''; 56 Russians escaped by swimming ashore. In all, ''Vsevolod'' had lost 303 killed, wounded and missing.

The action with ''Vsevolod'' was the largest engagement during the Anglo-Russian War. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with the clasps "Implacable 26 Augt. 1808" and "Centaur 26 Augt. 1808" to all surviving claimants from the action.

Vice-Admiral Saumarez with his entire squadron joined the Anglo-Swedish squadron the next day. They then blockaded Khanykov's squadron for some months. After the British and the Swedes abandoned the blockade, the Russian fleet was able to return to Kronstadt.

Return to the Baltic

By the summer of 1809 Martin and ''Implacable'' were back in the Baltic, and Admiral Saumarez sent her and to sail east of Nargen Island. At the beginning of July 1809 she and ''Melpomene'' sailed into the Gulf of Narva, some 110 miles east of Tallinn. There they captured nine vessels laden with timber, spars and cordage, which were the property of the Russian Emperor. ''Implacable'', ''Melpomene'' and deployed their boats to search all the creeks and inlets along the coast but found nothing more. The squadron then began a search of the Finnish coast, which yielded them three more cargo vessels. More importantly, the British discovered that a convoy was sheltering under Percola Point with an escort of eight gunboats. Each Russian gun-boat mounted both a 32 and a 24-pounder gun, and had a crew of 46 men. The British decided to send in a cutting out party to seize the convoy, and its protectors. In Martin's word, the intent was "to impress these Strangers with that Sense of Respect and Fear, which His Majesty's other Enemies are accustomed to show to the British Flag".

At 9pm on 7 July, ''Implacable'', ''Melpomene'', ''Prometheus'' and assembled 17 boats, all under the command of Lieutenant Joseph Hawkey of ''Implacable''. The Russians expected the British attack and positioned their vessels between two rocks off Hango Head (Hangöudde). This meant that the British would have to come straight towards the gunboats' cannon rather than flanking them. The British came straight in, enduring the fire without firing back, until they reached the Russians, at which point they boarded the gunboats.

Of the eight gunboats, the British captured six, among them gun boats Nos. 5, 10, 13, and 15. They sank one gunboat and one escaped. The British also captured all twelve of the ships and vessels the gunboats had been protecting, as well as a large armed ship, which they burnt. These were laden with powder and provisions for the Russian army. British losses were heavy. Grapeshot killed Hawkey while he was boarding his second gunboat. Including Hawkey, ''Implacable'' lost six men killed and 17 wounded. In all, the British lost 17 men killed and 37 wounded. The Russians lost at least 65 men killed, and 127 taken prisoner, of whom 51 were wounded. For this action, the Admiralty issued the clasp "7 July Boat Service 1809" to the Naval General Service Medal.

France and Spain

In January 1810, Captain George Cockburn took command of ''Implacable''. She then sailed to Quiberon Bay with a small squadron that also included ''Disdainful'', a brig, and the schooner , all escorting the Baron de Kolli. His mission was to arrange the escape of Ferdinand VII of Spain, whom the French had imprisoned at the Chateau of Valençay. The mission failed when Ferdinand refused to have anything to do with the British, and Kolli was arrested. ''Implacable'' then returned to Spithead.

On 17 July Rear Admiral Sir Richard Keats arrived on ''Implacable'' to take charge of the British support of the Spanish in the Siege of Cádiz. Marshal Victor's French army had completely blockaded the Isla de León by land and were further fortifying the coast with works that supplemented the existing defences. Eleven or twelve British and Spanish line-of-battle ships anchored as close to shore as they could without grounding. The allied troops defending Leon consisted of 16,500 Spaniards, 4,000 British and Germans, and 1,400 Portuguese.Marshall (1831), Vol. 3, Part 1, pp. 127–130.

In August the Allies attacked the French at Moguer, a town in the province of Huelva. Cockburn, sailing in the brig-sloop , directed the naval portion of the attack. General Lacey's Spanish troops and horses landed from the transports on 23 August about 22 miles south of the town. They then marched along the beach with 11 flat boats under Lieutenant Westphal of ''Implacable'' moving with them. The boats then ferried the troops across a large branch of the river, enabling the troops to reach Moguer next morning. The Spanish took the French somewhat by surprise and drove them out of the town. The French, numbering perhaps 1100 men, rallied and counter-attacked several times, but without success. The Spaniards followed them, but most of the French were cavalry and were able to withdraw towards Seville. Spanish casualties were slight.

arrived in Cadiz on 2 September and Rear Admiral Keats moved to her. On 6 September ''Implacable'' sailed from Cadiz to Havana as escort to two Spanish 3-deckers. From there she sailed to Vera Cruz, Mexico, to pick up specie. She returned to Cadiz on 18 February 1811 with 2,000,000 dollars on board. ''Implacable'' then participated in the defense of the Isla de Leon. In August Captain I. R. Watson took command. By 1813 ''Implacable'' was back in Plymouth.

Post war

From August to November 1840 ''Implacable'' participated in the bombardment and capture of Acre, and operations on the coast of Syria. The Ottoman government awarded medals to the officers and men employed during the campaign. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Syria" to the officers and men who had participated in the campaign and who claimed the medal.

From the Eastern Mediterranean ''Implacable'' sailed to Malta and then spent about a year in the Mediterranean, though she made one trip to Plymouth. She visited Syracuse, Corfu, Gibraltar and Tunis. By 15 February 1842, she was in Devonport, condemned as unfit for sea service. She was to be docked to extend her life.

Post active service

From 1844 she was out of commission at Devonport. A conversion to a training ship permitted her to return to service in June 1855 in the Hamoaze. Initially she was under the command of Captain Arthur Lowe. In January 1865, under Commander Edward H.I. Ray, she became a training ship for boys. Commander Henry Carr took command in October 1877, with Commander Thomas Sturges Jackson following him in 1880.

In 1908 King Edward VII intervened to save the ship. In 1912 she was handed over to philanthropist Geoffry Wheatly Cobb (1858–1931) for preservation, and for use as a boys' training ship. There were several appeals to help preserve ''Implacable'' over the years, especially in the 1920s. Funds were raised and she underwent several restorations, which continued in the 1930s. In conjunction with , which is still fully built and located in England, she served as an accommodation ship, a training ship, a holiday ship, and a coal hulk, and the two ships were renamed ''Foudroyant'' in 1943. H. V. Morton saw her at Devonport Dockyard during one of the restorations and was told she had been "lying for years in Falmouth, and we are giving her a wash and brush up before sending her back as a training ship".

Fate

Unlike the unfortunate , ''Implacable'' survived the Second World War. Still, the Admiralty scuttled her by an explosive charge on 2 December 1949. A fireboat towed her to a spot east of the Isle of Wight and she sank into Saint Catherine's Deep, about five miles from Ventnor. ''Implacable'' was by then the second-oldest ship of the Navy after , and there were heavy protests against her disposal. However, given the postwar austerity the British decided against the cost of her restoration, which was estimated at £150,000 with another £50,000 for re-rigging. In 1947 they had offered her to the French, who too declined to spend the money to turn her into a museum. Her figurehead and stern galleries were saved and are on display in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, while her capstan is on display at the maritime museum at Rochefort. The doors to the Captain's cabin are in the collection of the museum ship , Dundee. Public reaction to the "criminal action against the maritime history of Britain" forced the government to support the preservation of ''Cutty Sark''.

In popular culture

In the 1999 Patrick O'Brian novel '' Blue at the Mizzen,'' set soon after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, newly-promoted Adm. John "Lucky Jack" Aubrey is ordered by the Admiralty to take command of HMS ''Implacable'' and the Royal Navy's South African Squadron.

Notes

Citations

References

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External links

She Braved Battle and The Breeze
- 1925 British Pathé newsreel of ''Implacable'' in dry dock

Implacable To The End
- 1949 British Pathé newsreel of ''Implacables final voyage and sinking


- Voiceless short French compilation of 1925 and 1949 films

{{DEFAULTSORT:Implacable (1805)
Ships of the line of the French Navy
Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
Coal hulks
1800 ships
Captured ships
Napoleonic-era ships
Maritime incidents in 1949
Scuttled vessels
Shipwrecks in the English Channel
Téméraire-class ships of the line
Ships in art