HMS Endurance (1967)
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HMS ''Endurance'' was a
Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
ice
patrol vessel A patrol boat (also referred to as a patrol craft, patrol ship, or patrol vessel) is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence, border security, or law enforcement. There are many designs for patrol boats, and they ...
that served from 1967 to 1991. She came to public notice when she was involved in the
Falklands War The Falklands War () was a ten-week undeclared war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British Overseas Territories, British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and Falkland Islands Dependenci ...
of 1982. The final surrender of the war, in the
South Sandwich Islands The South Sandwich Islands () are a chain of uninhabited volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. They are administered as part of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The chain lies in the sub-A ...
, took place aboard ''Endurance''.


Background

The ship was built and launched in 1956 by Kröger-Werft of Germany as ''Anita Dan'' for the Lauritzen Lines. In 1967 the UK government purchased the vessel and then had
Harland & Wolff Harland & Wolff Holdings plc is a British shipbuilding and Metal fabrication, fabrication company headquartered in London with sites in Belfast, Arnish yard, Arnish, Appledore, Torridge, Appledore and Methil. It specialises in ship repair, ship ...
carry out the conversion prior to being commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS ''Endurance'', named after the sailing ship ''
Endurance Endurance (also related to sufferance, forbearance, resilience, constitution, fortitude, persistence, tenacity, steadfastness, perseverance, stamina, and hardiness) is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a ...
'' that took the explorer
Ernest Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarcti ...
's expedition to the Antarctic in 1914.


Operational history


1967–1982

The new ''Endurance'' maintained a UK presence in
Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. ...
and the
Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; ), commonly referred to as The Falklands, is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and from Cape Dub ...
during the southern summer. She also supported the
British Antarctic Survey The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of list of global issues, global issues, and to provide an active prese ...
. She had a bright red hull, as is common for polar vessels to aid visibility but otherwise uncommon for the Royal Navy, so her crew nicknamed her ''The Red Plum''. In February 1972 when the cruise ship '' Lindblad Explorer'' ran aground, ''Endurance'' was in the vicinity under Captain Rodney Bowden and took part in the rescue. ''Endurance'' was equipped with a signals listening suite on top of the hangar, and was staffed with Spanish linguists to monitor radio communications and collect
signals intelligence Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of ''signals'', whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly u ...
off South America. The data was processed by
GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is an intelligence and security organisation responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance (IA) to the government and armed forces of the United Kingdom. Primar ...
, and in the 1970s underlay much of GCHQ's South America analysis. ''Endurances captain later stated "It could be argued that the main armament of the ship was the listening suite." The
Ministry of Defence A ministry of defence or defense (see American and British English spelling differences#-ce.2C -se, spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is the part of a government responsible for matters of defence and Mi ...
's
1981 Defence White Paper The 1981 Defence White Paper (titled "The UK Defence Programme: The Way Forward") was a major review of the United Kingdom's defence policy brought about by the Conservative Party (UK), Conservative government under the Prime Minister Margaret Tha ...
proposed naval cuts including decommissioning ''Endurance'', which was scheduled for 15 April 1982.


Falklands War

''Endurance''s withdrawal from Antarctic patrol without replacement was perceived in Britain as having encouraged the Argentine invasion. The subsequent Franks Report acknowledged that it "may have served to cast doubt on British commitment to the Islands and their defence". On 19 March 1982, while ''Endurance'' was at
Stanley Stanley may refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television * ''Stanley'' (1972 film), an American horror film * ''Stanley'' (1984 film), an Australian comedy * ''Stanley'' (1999 film), an animated short * ''Stanley'' (1956 TV series) ...
, British authorities there received news that an Argentine navy ship had landed Argentine civilians on
South Georgia South Georgia is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean that is part of the British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It lies around east of the Falkland Islands. ...
who had raised the Argentine flag. The Argentine group (containing Argentine Marines in
mufti A mufti (; , ) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion ('' fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). The act of issuing fatwas is called ''iftāʾ''. Muftis and their ''fatāwa'' have played an important role thro ...
) posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at Leith Harbour on South Georgia. ''Endurance'', commanded by Captain Nick Barker, was sent to order the Argentines off the island.Britain Small Wars
Freedman, Lawrence and Gamba, Virginia, ''Señales de Guerra''. Javier Vergara Editor, 1992. (in Spanish), page 81ss. ''Endurance'' had a small
Royal Marines The Royal Marines provide the United Kingdom's amphibious warfare, amphibious special operations capable commando force, one of the :Fighting Arms of the Royal Navy, five fighting arms of the Royal Navy, a Company (military unit), company str ...
detachment and took further Marines from Naval Party 8901 (NP 8901), and sailed on 21 March for South Georgia. Arriving on 25 March 1982 ''Endurance'' encountered the Argentine transport , whose forty Argentine troops had come ashore while the scrapping operation took place. ''Endurance'' landed her marines, then returned to the Falklands on 30 March. In April the UK command ordered ''Endurance'' to join the UK Task Force, which in April landed SBS soldiers at Hound Bay on South Georgia on 22 April. Task Force vessels moved into deeper waters as a precaution against Argentine submarines, but ''Endurance'' moved into sea ice near the shore. ''Endurance'' was involved in combat action on 25 April 1982 when her two
Wasp A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder ...
ASW helicopters took part in attacks on the submarine , which was later abandoned by her crew. When Argentine forces surrendered the next day, ''Endurance'' remained near the island to show the UK flag, maintain a naval presence, and guard the waters. ''Endurance'' also took part in the rescue of wildlife film-makers
Cindy Buxton Lucinda Catherine "Cindy" Buxton FRGS (born 21 August 1950)Debretts1769.comBuxton of Alsa, Barony of retrieved 9 June 2022 is a British wildlife film-maker, photographer and author. Background and education The third of the six children of Lor ...
and Annie Price, who were caught up in the war while working on South Georgia. After the Argentine surrender of the Falkland Islands, ''Endurance'', , and the tug ''Salvageman'' sailed to the South Sandwich Islands, where Argentina had established a base in South Thule since 1976. ''Endurance'' was carrying a Wessex helicopter for the first time, in addition to her two
Wasps A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. Th ...
. The ten Argentine military personnel surrendered after they saw HMS ''Yarmouth's'' firing display and when they realised
recce In military operations, military reconnaissance () or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, the terrain, and civil activities in the area of operations. In military jargon, reconnai ...
marines from ''Endurance'' and
42 Commando 42 Commando is a unit within the UK Commando Force. Based at Norton Manor, Royal Marines Condor and 42 Commando are based at Bickleigh Barracks, Plymouth. Personnel regularly deploy outside the United Kingdom on operations or training. All Roya ...
Royal Marines The Royal Marines provide the United Kingdom's amphibious warfare, amphibious special operations capable commando force, one of the :Fighting Arms of the Royal Navy, five fighting arms of the Royal Navy, a Company (military unit), company str ...
had landed. The surrender was signed in the wardroom of ''Endurance''.


1983–1991

Toward the end of her life the ship was nicknamed HMS ''Encumbrance'' due to reliability problems. In 1989 she struck an iceberg, and, although she was repaired, a survey in 1991 found that her hull was not sound enough for a return to Antarctica, so she was finally decommissioned. She was replaced by , later renamed .


See also

* Endurance Reef


References


External links


MaritimeQuest photo gallery: HMS ''Endurance''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Endurance 1956 ships Falklands War in South Georgia Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom Icebreakers of the United Kingdom Patrol vessels of the United Kingdom Ships built in Germany Survey vessels of the Royal Navy