HMAS ''Canberra'' (I33/D33), named after the Australian capital city of
Canberra
Canberra ( ; ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the Federation of Australia, federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's list of cities in Australia, largest in ...
, was a
Royal Australian Navy
The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the navy, naval branch of the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The professional head of the RAN is Chief of Navy (Australia), Chief of Navy (CN) Vice admiral (Australia), Vice Admiral Mark Hammond (admiral), Ma ...
(RAN)
heavy cruiser
A heavy cruiser was a type of cruiser, a naval warship designed for long range and high speed, armed generally with naval guns of roughly 203 mm (8 inches) in calibre, whose design parameters were dictated by the Washington Naval Treat ...
of the ''Kent'' sub-class of s. Constructed in Scotland during the mid-1920s, the ship was commissioned in 1928, and spent the first part of her career primarily operating in Australian waters, with some deployments to the
China Station
The Commander-in-Chief, China, was the admiral in command of what was usually known as the China Station, at once both a British Royal Navy naval formation and its admiral in command. It was created in 1865 and deactivated in 1941.
From 1831 to 1 ...
.
At the start of World War II, ''Canberra'' was initially used for patrols and convoy escort around Australia. In July 1940, she was reassigned as a convoy escort between Western Australia, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. During this deployment, which ended in mid-1941, ''Canberra'' was involved in the hunt for several German
auxiliary cruiser
An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in lo ...
s. The cruiser resumed operations in Australian waters, but when Japan entered the war, she was quickly reassigned to convoy duties around
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...
, interspersed with operations in Malaysian and
Java
Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...
nese waters. ''Canberra'' later joined
Task Force 44, and was involved in the
Guadalcanal Campaign
The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allies of World War II, Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during th ...
and the
Tulagi landings.
On 9 August 1942, ''Canberra'' was struck by the opening Japanese shots of the
Battle of Savo Island
The Battle of Savo Island, also known as the First Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the , and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as the Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks, was a Naval warfare, naval battle during the So ...
, and was quickly crippled, and according to the crew, she was torpedoed by friendly fire. Unable to propel herself, listing heavily and burning, the cruiser was evacuated and then sunk in
Ironbottom Sound
"Ironbottom Sound" (alternatively Iron Bottom Sound or Ironbottomed Sound or Iron Bottom Bay) is the name given by Allied sailors to the stretch of water at the southern end of The Slot between Guadalcanal, Savo Island, and Florida Island o ...
by two American
destroyer
In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long-endurance warship intended to escort
larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or carrier battle group and defend them against a wide range of general threats. They were conceived i ...
s. The United States Navy cruiser was named in honour of the Australian ship. Later, in 2023, the US Navy named the new littoral combat ship after ''Canberra'', which became the first US warship commissioned in a foreign port.
Design
''Canberra'' was one of seven ''Kent''-class cruisers—a subclass of the —designed by
Eustace Tennyson-d'Eyncourt.
[Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 102] The ship was long
between perpendiculars
Length between perpendiculars (often abbreviated as p/p, p.p., pp, LPP, LBP or Length BPP) is the length of a ship along the summer load line from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the ster ...
and
overall
Overalls or bib-and-brace overalls, also called dungarees in British English, are a type of garment usually used as protective clothing when working. The garments are commonly referred to as a "pair of overalls" by analogy with "pair of trousers ...
, with a beam of , and a maximum draught of .
[Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 39] She displaced 9,850 tons at light load, and 10,000 tons at standard load.
[ The ''Kent'' class were built to meet the restrictions of the ]Washington Naval Treaty
The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was signed during 1922 among the major Allies of World War I, Allies of World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting Navy, naval construction. It was negotiated at ...
; with a reduction in armament and protection.[ ''Canberra'' was powered by eight Yarrow boilers which fed steam to four Brown-Curtis geared turbines; these in turn provided to the ship's four propeller shafts.][ The cruiser could reach speeds of , which could be maintained for , although could be travelled at the more economical standard cruising speed.][ Before World War II, the ship's company was normally 690 (49 officers, 641 sailors); this increased to 710 when acting as a ]flagship
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of navy, naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically ...
.[ During wartime service, the normal company expanded to 751 (61 officers, 690 sailors), and at the time of her loss, 819 people were aboard.][
]
''Canberra''s main armament consisted of eight 8-inch Mark VIII guns in four twin turret
Turret may refer to:
* Turret (architecture), a small tower that projects above the wall of a building
* Gun turret, a mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon
* Optical microscope#Objective turret (revolver or revolving nose piece), Objective turre ...
s.[ Secondary armament consisted of four 4-inch quick-firing high-angle guns and four 2-pounder "pom-pom" guns.][Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 101] A mixture of .303-inch machine guns were carried for close defence work: initially this consisted of four Vickers machine gun
The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a Water cooling, water-cooled .303 British (7.7 mm) machine gun produced by Vickers Limited, originally for the British Army. The gun was operated by a three-man crew but typically required more me ...
s and twelve Lewis machine guns, although four Lewis guns were later removed.[ During a refit in 1942, two multiple pom-poms and five ]20 mm Oerlikon
The Oerlikon 20 mm cannon is a series of autocannons based on an original German Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon design that appeared very early in World War I. It was widely produced by Oerlikon Contraves and others, with various models employ ...
s were added to enhance the anti-aircraft armament.[ Four 3-pounder quick-firing Hotchkiss guns were used as ]saluting gun
A salute is usually a formal hand gesture or other action used to display respect in military situations. Salutes are primarily associated with the military and law enforcement, but many civilian organizations, such as Girl Guides, Scouting ...
s.[ Two sets of quadruple 21-inch ]torpedo tube
A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes.
There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboa ...
s were fitted.[ ]Depth charge
A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon designed to destroy submarine
A submarine (often shortened to sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited ...
s were carried: these were deployed by rails.[
The cruiser was designed to carry a single ]amphibious aircraft
An amphibious aircraft, or amphibian, is an aircraft that can Takeoff, take off and Landing, land on both solid ground and water. These aircraft are typically Fixed-wing aircraft, fixed-wing, though Amphibious helicopter, amphibious helicopte ...
: initially a Supermarine Seagull III aircraft, but this was replaced in 1936 by the Supermarine Walrus
The Supermarine Walrus is a British single-engine Amphibious aircraft, amphibious biplane designed by Supermarine's R. J. Mitchell. Primarily used as a maritime patrol aircraft, it was the first British Squadron (aviation), squadron-service ai ...
.[ However, the ]aircraft catapult
An aircraft catapult is a device used to help fixed-wing aircraft gain enough airspeed and lift for takeoff from a limited distance, typically from the deck of a ship. They are usually used on aircraft carrier flight decks as a form of assist ...
was not installed until April 1936, during a refit in Sydney.[ Before this, the Seagull amphibian was lowered into the water by the ship's recovery crane and took off from there.][ Armour aboard ''Canberra'' was limited to an armour deck over the machinery spaces and magazines, ranging from in thickness.][ Armour plate was also fitted to the turrets (up to thick) and the conning tower ( thick).][ ]Anti-torpedo bulge
The anti-torpedo bulge (also known as an anti-torpedo blister) is a form of defence against naval torpedoes occasionally employed in warship construction in the period between the First and Second World Wars. It involved fitting (or retrofittin ...
s were also fitted.[
In 1924, the Australian government ordered two ''Kent''-class cruisers to replace the ageing light cruisers and .][Clark, ''The Fighting Canberras'', p. 9] These ships were to be named and ''Canberra'', with both to be built by John Brown & Company
John Brown and Company of Clydebank was a Scottish Naval architecture, marine engineering and shipbuilding firm. It built many notable and world-famous ships including , , , , , and ''Queen Elizabeth 2 (ship), Queen Elizabeth 2''.
At its heig ...
, at their shipyard at Clydebank
Clydebank () is a town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. Situated on the north bank of the River Clyde, it borders the village of Old Kilpatrick (with Bowling, West Dunbartonshire, Bowling and Milton, West Dunbartonshire, Milton beyond) to the w ...
, Scotland: the only two County-class ships built in Scotland.[ ''Canberra'' was laid down on 9 September 1925, and given the yard number 513.][Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 40] ''Canberra'' was launched on 31 May 1927 by Princess Mary; the first ship of the RAN launched by a member of the Royal Family.[ Work on the ship was completed on 10 July 1928, the day after the cruiser was commissioned into the RAN.][ Most of the initial ship's company came from ''Sydney''.][Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 105] ''Canberra'' cost approximately A£
The pound (Currency symbol, sign: £, £A for distinction) was the currency of Australia from 1910 until 14 February 1966, when it was replaced by the Australian dollar. Like other £sd currencies, it was subdivided into 20 Shilling (Australian ...
2 million to construct.[
]
Operational history
Pre-war
''Canberra'' left Portsmouth on 4 December 1928, after several months of workup trials, and arrived at Sydney on 16 February 1929.[ The cruiser operated primarily in Australian waters during the next ten years, spending periods of time as the RAN flagship.][ On 20 September 1929, during a round-Australia cruise, the ship grounded on a sand shoal outside Roebuck Bay, Western Australia. The damage did not prevent the ship from operating, and it was not until early 1930 that the affected hull plates were replaced.][Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 106] In September 1931, ''Canberra'' visited New Caledonia and Fiji.[ The cruiser operated on the Royal Navy's ]China Station
The Commander-in-Chief, China, was the admiral in command of what was usually known as the China Station, at once both a British Royal Navy naval formation and its admiral in command. It was created in 1865 and deactivated in 1941.
From 1831 to 1 ...
in 1932 and 1937.[ In 1934 the ship was assigned to escort , which was transporting the ]Duke of Gloucester
Duke of Gloucester ( ) is a British royal title (after Gloucester), often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The first four creations were in the Peerage of England and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; the curre ...
during a visit to Australia.[ In August 1936 she brought Admiral Sir Murray Anderson to Sydney, Australia to be invested as ]Governor of New South Wales
The governor of New South Wales is the representative of the monarch, King Charles III, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia, Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the governor ...
.
World War II
For the first nine months of World War II, ''Canberra'' was assigned to patrol and escort duties around Australia.[ In January 1940, the cruiser escorted the first convoy carrying Australian and New Zealand soldiers, Anzac Convoy US 1, to the Middle East.][ During May, ''Canberra'' joined sister ship ''Australia'' to escort ]Anzac Convoy US 3
The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was originally a First World War army corps of the British Empire under the command of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. It was formed in Egypt in December 1914, and operated during the G ...
across the Indian Ocean; the convoy was diverted via the Cape of Good Hope
The Cape of Good Hope ( ) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa.
A List of common misconceptions#Geography, common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Afri ...
following fears that Italy was about to join the war.[ On 26 June, ''Canberra'' left Australia with the troopship ''Strathmore'' for Cape Town, where the cruiser was assigned to the Indian Ocean as a convoy escort between Fremantle, Colombo, and Cape Town.][Clark, ''The Fighting Canberras'', p. 10][Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 107] During November, ''Canberra'' attempted to locate the German merchant raider ''Atlantis''.[ She returned unsuccessful to Fremantle on 20 November, but sailed that night with a skeleton crew after the merchant ship SS ''Maimoa'' signalled that she was under attack by a German merchant raider (the auxiliary cruiser ''Pinguin'').][ Although unable to find ''Maimoa'' or her attacker, ''Canberra'' encountered three lifeboats on 22 November, which carried 27 sailors who had escaped from SS ''Port Brisbane'', another victim of ''Pinguin''.][ The cruiser returned to Fremantle on 27 November without encountering the German raider.][ Shortly after, ''Canberra'' headed for the ]East Indies Station
The East Indies Station was a formation and command of the British Royal Navy. Created in 1744 by the Admiralty, it was under the command of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.
Even in official documents, the term ''East Indies Station'' wa ...
.[
In February 1941, ''Canberra'' was involved in efforts to locate the German pocket battleship ''Admiral Scheer''.][Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 41] In early March, ''Canberra'' encountered two merchant ships; a tanker supplying a possible merchant raider, which split up and fled when ordered to stop. ''Canberra'' pursued the suspected raider, and fired on her from maximum range to avoid a retaliatory attack, while her Walrus amphibian attempted to stop the tanker by dropping several bombs.[Frame, ''HMAS Sydney'', p. 114] Both ships (the raider supply ship ''Coburg'' and the captured Norwegian tanker ''Ketty Brøvig'') had commenced scuttling
Scuttling is the act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull, typically by its crew opening holes in its hull.
Scuttling may be performed to dispose of an abandoned, old, or captured vessel; to prevent the vessel ...
after the first attack from their pursuit, but the Australians continued attacking: the Walrus used all her bombs, while ''Canberra'' fired 215 shells, many of them misses.[ A post-action analysis found that if ''Canberra'' had closed before firing, the same quantity of damage could have been achieved for less ammunition, and one or both ships might have been captured.
''Canberra'' was assigned back to Australia in July; operating around the western and southern coasts.][ The cruiser was in Sydney in December 1941, when Japan entered the war: ''Canberra'' was quickly reassigned to convoy duties around New Guinea, interspersed by operations in Malaysian and Javanese waters.][ On 12 December 1941, the cruiser was ordered from Sydney to meet the ]Pensacola Convoy
The Pensacola Convoy is a colloquialism for a United States military shipping convoy that took place in late 1941 as the Pacific War began. The name was derived from that of its primary escort ship, the heavy cruiser . ''Pensacola'' was officiall ...
, hoisting the flag of Rear-Admiral John G. Crace as she stopped in Brisbane on 15 December. In company with HMAS ''Perth'' she sailed for the vicinity of New Caledonia to meet the light cruiser and the convoy.
In January 1942, ''Canberra'' and escorted the troopship ''Aquitania'', leaving Sydney 10 January, carrying reinforcements to Singapore as far as Ratai Bay, Sunda Strait
The Sunda Strait () is the strait between the Indonesian islands of Java island, Java and Sumatra. It connects the Java Sea with the Indian Ocean.
Etymology
The strait takes its name from the Sunda Kingdom, which ruled the western portion of Ja ...
where the reinforcements were transshipped into seven smaller vessels for the final run to Singapore.[ She was then part of the escort for that convoy, "MS.2A" of six Dutch KPM vessels and one British vessel, to Singapore arriving 24 January. During her return voyage via the Dutch East Indies, the cruiser was assigned to the ANZAC Squadron.][ A refit occurred in Sydney from February to May 1942, during which ''Canberra'' became the first Australian warship to be fitted with radar (a Type 241 surface search set, and an A290 air-warning set).][ The cruiser was present in Sydney Harbour during the Japanese midget submarine attack on 31 May-1 June.][ Although not damaged, at 04:40, ''Canberra'' recorded that the Japanese may have fired torpedoes at her.][Grose, ''A Very Rude Awakening'', pp. 160–2] This may have been one of many false alarms throughout the night; however, one of the midget submarines had attempted to fire its torpedoes at a target, but these did not release because of damage sustained during the infiltration.[ The observer aboard ''Canberra'' may have seen bubbles from the compressed air released to fire the torpedoes.][
The cruiser headed north the day after the submarine attack to join the ANZAC Squadron, which had been redesignated Task Force 44.][ On 17 June, ''Canberra'' took part in offensive patrols through the ]Coral Sea
The Coral Sea () is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, South Pacific off the northeast coast of Australia, and classified as an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, interim Australian bioregion. The Coral Sea extends down t ...
, and from July, she was assigned to Operation Watchtower
The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allies of World War II, Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during th ...
; the opening stages of the Guadalcanal Campaign
The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allies of World War II, Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during th ...
.[ The cruiser escorted the force to be landed at Tulagi from 5 August, and screened the force during the landings on 7 and 8 August; the cruiser encountered no initial resistance.][
]
Loss
During the afternoon of 8 August, a Japanese task force commanded by Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa
was a vice admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. Mikawa was the commander of a heavy cruiser force that defeated the United States Navy (USN) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) at the Battle of Savo Island in Ironb ...
and consisting of five cruisers and a destroyer began to approach the south of Savo Island, with the intention to attack the naval force supporting the landing at Guadalcanal, then those at Tulagi.[Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 42] Anticipating a naval attack following several assaults by land-based Japanese aircraft, the Allied commander of the naval forces, Rear Admiral
Rear admiral is a flag officer rank used by English-speaking navies. In most European navies, the equivalent rank is called counter admiral.
Rear admiral is usually immediately senior to commodore and immediately below vice admiral. It is ...
Victor Crutchley, split his forces around Savo Island: Crutchley aboard HMAS ''Australia'' led ''Canberra'', , and the destroyers and on patrol of the southern waters.[ At 20:45, Crutchley was recalled to meet urgently with US Admiral ]Richmond K. Turner
Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner (May 27, 1885 – February 12, 1961), commonly known as Kelly Turner, was an admiral of the United States Navy during the Second World War, where he commanded the Amphibious Force in the Pacific theater. Turner w ...
, overall commander of the amphibious landings.[ Although ''Chicago'' was the senior ship after ''Australia'' departed, ''Canberra'', which had been following ''Australia'', found herself at point.][Clark, ''The Fighting Canberras'', p. 11] Around 01:00 on 9 August, the engines of scout planes from Mikawa's ships were heard, but as no warning came from the other groups, it was assumed they were friendly.[
At 01:45, ''Patterson'' detected Mikawa's ships and alerted the Allied force.][Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 43] The Japanese scout planes dropped flares to silhouette ''Canberra'' and ''Chicago''.[ The Australian cruiser was able to avoid the Japanese torpedoes fired at the start of the engagement but was on the receiving end of the Japanese cruisers' gunfire.][ The first two salvos killed or wounded several senior officers, disabled both engine rooms, damaged the bridge and 4-inch gun platform and forced the flooding of her ]magazine
A magazine is a periodical literature, periodical publication, print or digital, produced on a regular schedule, that contains any of a variety of subject-oriented textual and visual content (media), content forms. Magazines are generally fin ...
s.[ Within two minutes, the cruiser had been hit 24 times; she was immobilised, without power, and listing to starboard, with multiple internal fires and at least a fifth of her personnel dead or wounded. At least one torpedo strike was reported during the Japanese attack, although none of the 19 torpedoes fired at ''Canberra'' by the Japanese cruisers were recorded as hitting their target.][ Several personnel from ''Canberra'' believe that USS ''Bagley'' inadvertently torpedoed the cruiser.][Mellefont, ''Two ships called Canberra'', p. 5] From the 819-strong ship's company, 84 were killed (74 during the battle, 10 dying later from wounds), and another 109 were wounded.[Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 44]
At 03:30, ''Patterson'' came alongside and relayed orders from Rear Admiral Turner: if ''Canberra'' could not achieve mobility by 06:30, she would be abandoned and sunk.[ The destroyer began to recover the Australian survivors, but at 04:30, ''Patterson'' detected an approaching ship.][ The destroyer moved to investigate, at which point the unknown ship opened fire, and ''Patterson'' retaliated.][ It was quickly realised that the attacker was USS ''Chicago'', which had mistaken ''Canberra'' for a damaged Japanese vessel, and both ships ceased fire.][ ''Patterson'' returned to continue the evacuation, and was aided by sister ship .][Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 45]
While still afloat, and in no apparent danger of sinking, damage control and repair options were being evaluated. It was determined that ''Canberra''s engines could not be repaired by the 0630 deadline, and she was to be scuttled, instead of being towed over to Tulagi harbor for emergency repairs.[ She was torpedoed by the destroyer at 08:00, after 263 shells and four other torpedoes fired by failed to do the job, and sank at coordinates .][ She was one of the first ships to be sunk in what was eventually named "]Ironbottom Sound
"Ironbottom Sound" (alternatively Iron Bottom Sound or Ironbottomed Sound or Iron Bottom Bay) is the name given by Allied sailors to the stretch of water at the southern end of The Slot between Guadalcanal, Savo Island, and Florida Island o ...
". Three US cruisers were also destroyed during the battle and a US destroyer damaged.[
]
Aftermath
Captain Howard Bode of USS ''Chicago'' was formally criticised for his actions during the battle, particularly for not taking lead when ''Australia'' departed, and for not warning the northern cruiser force of the approaching Japanese ships.[ In recognition of the valour displayed by the Australian ship and her company, United States President ]Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...
wished to commemorate the loss of HMAS ''Canberra'' by naming a US ship in her honour.[ The under-construction ''Baltimore''-class cruiser ''Pittsburgh'' was selected to be renamed . The ship was launched on 19 April 1943 by (Alice,) Lady Dixon, the wife of Sir ]Owen Dixon
Sir Owen Dixon (28 April 1886 – 7 July 1972) was an Australian judge and diplomat who served as the sixth Chief Justice of Australia. Many consider him to be Australia's most prominent jurist.Graham Perkin �Its Most Eminent Symbol Hidde ...
, Australia's ambassador to the United States, and is the only United States warship to be named after a foreign capital city.[ Later, in 2023, the US Navy named a new Independence-class littoral combat ship also after the Canberra, which became the first US warship commissioned in a foreign port.]
Around the same time, the British government announced that the heavy cruiser (a sister ship to ''Canberra'', but of the ''London'' subclass) would be transferred to the RAN as a gift.[Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 128] Although King George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until Death and state funeral of George VI, his death in 1952 ...
had announced that the ship would be renamed ''Canberra'', the duplication of ship names with the United States Navy was against RAN policy.[ Although it was thought that Australia had a greater claim to the name, the Australian government decided to retain ''Shropshire''s old name after learning that the US offer had come directly from President Roosevelt. Many of the first Australian sailors posted to ''Shropshire'' in early 1943 were ''Canberra'' survivors.
''Canberra''s wartime service was recognised with four ]battle honours
A battle honour is an award of a right by a government or sovereign to a military unit to emblazon the name of a battle or operation on its flags ("colours"), uniforms or other accessories where ornamentation is possible.
In European military ...
: "East Indies 1940–41", "Pacific 1941–42", "Guadalcanal 1942", and "Savo Island 1942".
Rediscovery
''Canberra''s wreck was rediscovered and examined by Robert Ballard
Robert Duane Ballard (born June 30, 1942) is an American retired Navy officer and a professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island who is noted for his work in underwater archaeology (maritime archaeology and archaeology of ...
and his crew in July and August 1992, almost exactly fifty years after her scuttling. She lies upright on the ocean floor, approximately below sea level, and while her hull was basically intact, she shows visible signs of shell hits and fire damage amidships. Just as they had been during the Battle of Savo Island, ''Canberra''s "B", "X" and "Y" turrets were trained to port, while "A" turret was trained on the port bow. When the ship was rediscovered in 1992, the forward superstructure had collapsed over to the starboard side; the roof of "B" turret was missing.
Memorials
HMAS ''Canberra'' is remembered in various places. In her name city of Canberra, a memorial is located next to Lake Burley Griffin
Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in the centre of Canberra, the capital of Australia. It was created in 1963 by the damming of the Molonglo River, which formerly ran between the city centre and Parliamentary Triangle. The lake is na ...
,[Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', pp 64–5] adjacent to the National Carillon
The National Carillon is a large carillon situated on Queen Elizabeth II Island in Lake Burley Griffin, central Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The carillon is managed and maintained by the National Capital Authorit ...
. It incorporates a naval anchor and a section of chain cable (of the same type carried by ''Canberra''),[ and it has two plaques detailing the purpose of the memorial and the details of the cruiser. The memorial was erected by the ]Australian Capital Territory
The Australian Capital Territory (ACT), known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938, is an internal States and territories of Australia, territory of Australia. Canberra, the capital city of Australia, is situated within the territory, an ...
Branch of the Naval Historical Society, with donations from the ex-HMAS ''Canberra'' and ''Canberra-Shropshire'' Association members, and was unveiled on 9 August 1981 by Admiral Sir Anthony Synnot.[ A commemorative address was given at the unveiling by Admiral Sir Victor Smith, who was aboard ''Canberra'' at the time of her loss.][ Each year on the Saturday closest 9 August, a service is conducted at the memorial, which is attended by the Australian Chief of Navy, the defence attachés from the United States and the United Kingdom, and personnel from the naval base . A catafalque party was originally provided by personnel from the frigate until the ship's 2005 decommissioning; after this, the catafalque party was supplied by the ]Australian Navy Cadets
The Australian Navy Cadets (ANC) is a youth development organisation supported by the Royal Australian Navy, with a focus on the maritime domain. The organisation promotes activities, both on land and in water, with key objectives including bu ...
unit TS ''Canberra''.
Another memorial is located at the Police Memorial Park in Rove, Honiara
Rove is a suburb in Honiara, Solomon Islands, located west of the main center on the Tandai Highway. Rove borders the Honiara City Council ward of Nggosi and Rove-Lengakiki.
Rove is East of Tanaghai and West of Town Ground.
Law enforcement ...
, Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons,John Prados, ''Islands of Destiny'', Dutton Caliber, 2012, p,20 and passim is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 1000 smaller islands in Melanesia, part of Oceania, t ...
. The memorial is shaped like the bow of a ship, and points toward Savo Island.[ A previous memorial to the ship, which had been located in the grounds of the ]Vilu Military Museum
Vilu Military Museum, also known as the Vilu War Museum, is a small Open-air museum, open air museum in Vilu, on the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The museum houses the remains of American and Japanese equipment left over from the ...
, was destroyed in 2000 during "the Tensions".[ A memorial plaque is also dedicated to HMAS ''Canberra'' and her Tasmanian RAN personnel at the Tasmanian Seafarers' Memorial at ]Triabunna
Triabunna is a rural residential locality in the local government area (LGA) of Glamorgan–Spring Bay in the South-east LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about north-east of the city of Hobart. The has a population of 905 for the state ...
on the east coast of Tasmania.
The ship's service is also recognised in a stained glass window at the Garden Island Naval Chapel.[Mellefont, ''Two ships named Canberra'', p. 7]
Notes
References
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External links
HMAS Canberra (I)
– Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS ''Canberra''
– Brief history and photographs published by the United States Naval Historical Center
– Australian War Memorial webpage on the loss of the cruiser
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canberra (1927)
Kent-class cruisers
County-class cruisers of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1927 ships
Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound
World War II cruisers of Australia
Maritime incidents in August 1942
1992 archaeological discoveries
Scuttled vessels