HAPAG

The Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG), known in English as the Hamburg America Line, was a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, in 1847. Among those involved in its development were prominent German citizens such as Albert Ballin (director general), Adolph Godeffroy, Ferdinand Laeisz, Carl Woermann, August Bolten, and others, and its main financial backers were Berenberg Bank and H. J. Merck & Co. It soon developed into the largest German, and at times the world's largest, shipping company, serving the market created by German immigration to the United States and later, immigration from Eastern Europe. On 1 September 1970, after 123 years of independent existence, HAPAG merged with the Bremen-based North German Lloyd to form Hapag-Lloyd AG, the international shipping and container transportation company.

History

Ports served

In the early years, the Hamburg America Line exclusively connected European ports with North American ports, such as Hoboken, New Jersey, or New Orleans, Louisiana. With time, however, the company established lines to all continents. The company built a large ocean liner terminal at Cuxhaven, Germany, in 1900. Connected directly to Hamburg by a dedicated railway line and station, the HAPAG Terminal at Cuxhaven served as the major departure point for German and European immigrants to North America until 1969 when ocean liner travel ceased. Today it serves as a museum and cruise ship terminal.

Atlas Service

The Atlas Service sailed from New York to Jamaica, Haiti, Colombia, Central America. The service was described as a way to "escape the rigors of Northern winters" through taking a Caribbean cruise and was promoted to tourists. The ships ''Altai'', ''Sarnia'', ''Sibiria'', ''Alleghany'', ''Alene'', ''Adirondack'', ''Valdivia'', and ''Graecia'' provided this service in 1906.

Notable journeys

In 1858, its liner sank, killing 449 people. In 1891, the cruise of the '' Augusta Victoria'' in the Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife, is often stated to have been the first passenger cruise. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an illustrated account of it as " Bakschisch". In 1897, its steamer ''Arcadia'' was wrecked on the rocks off Newfoundland. In 1900, 1901 and 1903 its liner won the Blue Riband taking the prize from the '' Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse''. In 1906 ''Prinzessin Victoria Luise'' ran aground off the coast of Jamaica. No people died by the grounding; however, the ship's captain committed suicide after getting all the passengers safely off the ship. In 1912, its liner SS ''Amerika'' was the first ship to warn of icebergs.

HAPAG's general director, Albert Ballin, believed that safety, size, comfort and luxury would always win out over speed. Thus he conceived the three largest liners yet to be built, named , and '' Bismarck''.

First World War

The ''Imperator'' and the ''Vaterland'' were briefly in service before the First World War. In 1914, the ''Vaterland'' was caught in port at Hoboken, New Jersey at the outbreak of World War I and interned by the United States. She was seized, renamed ''Leviathan'' after the declaration of war on Germany in 1917, and served for the duration and beyond as a troopship. In 1917, its liner ''Allemannia'' was "torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante"; two people were lost.

Postwar reparations

After the war, the ''Vaterland''/''Leviathan'' was retained by the Americans as war reparations. In 1919 ''Vaterland''s sister ships – ''Imperator'' and the unfinished ''Bismarck'' – were handed over to the allies as war reparations to Britain. They were sold to the Cunard Line and White Star Line respectively, and renamed ''Berengaria'' and ''Majestic''. A ship chain in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey is identified by the historic society as belonging to either the ''Vaterland'' or ''Imperator''. It was acquired in 1921, likely during refurbishments, and now lines a portion of the Boulevard.

In 1939, the HAPAG liner was unable to find a port in Cuba, the United States, or Canada willing to accept the more than 950 Jewish refugees on board and had to return to Europe. On 9 April 1940, when German warships attacked Kristiansand, Norway, during Operation Weserübung (the opening assault of the Norwegian Campaign), the HAPAG freighter sailed into the crossfire between the warships and Norwegian coastal artillery. She was holed and sunk, and her crew briefly became prisoners of war.

Later years

According to a 1940 US intelligence report compiled by the US War Department, Louis Classing, general manager of the Hamburg-America in Havana was identified as a "well-known nazi agent" who "imported moving pictures for propaganda purposes to be shown at local theaters".

The Hamburg America Line lost almost the entirety of its fleet twice, as a result of World Wars I and II. In 1970, the company merged with its longstanding rival, Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen, to establish the present-day company Hapag-Lloyd.

In the post-war years, HAPAG rebuilt its fleet and focused on cargo container transport. In 1970, the container shipping companies HAPAG and North German Lloyd (NGL) merged into Hapag-Lloyd AG to form one of the world's biggest container shipping companies. In 2008, Hapag-Lloyd was acquired by the City of Hamburg and a group of private investors, the Albert Ballin Consortium.

Fleet list

See also

* Holland America Line
* Norwegian America Line
* Scandinavian America Line
* Swedish American Line
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References

External links

Fleet information


GG Archives
Hamburg-Amerika Line ships
This collection contains 16 photographs depicting ship interior and exterior views of Hamburg-Amerika Line's luxury passenger ships ''Augusta Victoria'', ''Columbia'' and ''Normannia'' by Louis Koch, Bremen
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GG Archives

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Shipping companies of Germany
Transatlantic shipping companies
Companies based in Hamburg
Port of New York and New Jersey
Transport companies disestablished in 1970
1970 disestablishments in West Germany
Transport companies established in 1847
German companies established in 1847