Gyula Szekfű
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Gyula Ignac Szekfű (23 May 1883 – 28 June 1955) was a Hungarian historian, university professor, diplomat and public figure.


Biography

Szekfű was born in to a Catholic middle-class family of a lawyer. From 1905 to 1906 he worked at the
National Museum of Hungary The Hungarian National Museum (, ) was founded in 1802 and is the national museum for the history, art, and archaeology of Hungary, including areas not within Hungary's modern borders, such as Transylvania; it is separate to the collection of int ...
, and from 1908 to 1910 he was an intern at the National Archives. He spent seventeen years in Vienna, studying documents from the 16th to 18th centuries. From 1925 he was a professor at the Department of Modern Hungarian History at the
University of Budapest A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Univ ...
. Influenced by
Leopold von Ranke Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history. He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of ...
,
Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Dilthey (; ; 19 November 1833 – 1 October 1911) was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher, who held Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Chair in Philosophy at the University of Berlin. As a polymathi ...
, and
Friedrich Meinecke Friedrich Meinecke (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian with national liberal and antisemitic views who supported the Nazi invasion of Poland. As a representative of an older tradition, he criticized the Nazi regime ...
, he became the founder of the "spiritual-historical" school in Hungarian historiography, which advocated the idea of a conservative development of his country in the spirit of a "Christian community". In 1920, he published a work entitled "Three Generations" (Hungarian: Három nemzedék. Egy hanyatló kor története), which became one of the most influential works in Hungary during the interwar period. He blamed the division of the country on Hungary's liberal past, which, in his opinion, was alien to its traditions. In his opinion, Hungary would enter an era of nationalist renewal, during which it would be necessary to abandon liberalism, which had “seduced” the Hungarian nobility, in alliance with the Jewish bourgeoisie, to usurp economic and cultural unity and leadership from the Hungarian people. Having an
antisemitic Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...
viewpoint, he named the anti-national “Jewish spirit” as one of the main reasons for the decline and proposed that Hungary should rid itself not only of communism, but also of “the liberalism that gave birth to it". From September 1927 to December 1939 he was the editor of the
conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civiliza ...
''Magyar Szemle'', which supported the policies of István Bethlen. Between 1939 and 1944 he was a member of the editorial board of the right-wing newspaper ''Jelenkor''. During World War II, as a member of the Bethlen group, Szekfű joined the independence and popular front movement. From 1939 to 1944 he was the leading publicist of the conservative magazine ''
Magyar Nemzet ''Magyar Nemzet'' ('', '') is a major Hungarian newspaper published in Hungary, and styled itself as "close to the current Hungarian government led by Viktor Orbán" as of 2019. History and profile ''Magyar Nemzet'', a moderate conservative d ...
'', which was critical of the policies of the Nazi Germany from a Christian conservative perspective. He stood up for an independent, free Hungary, writing an article entitled The Concept of Freedom for the Christmas issue of the social-democratic ''
Népszava ''Népszava'' (, meaning "People's Voice" in English) is a social-democratic Hungarian language newspaper published in Hungary. History and profile ''Népszava'' is Hungary's eldest continuous print publication and as of October 2019 the last ...
'' in 1941, which exemplified the anti-German national unity. He was a participant in the negotiations aimed at establishing the Hungarian Historical Memorial Committee, initially holding the position of chairman, but later stepping down, and did not sign the memorial committee's public appeal either. In September 1942, he testified for the communists in the Schönherz trial. In January 1943, he acted as chief patron at the celebrations organized for the 120th anniversary of Petőfi's birth. In his series of articles entitled " Somewhere We Lost Our Way", published in Magyar Nemzet in 1943–1944, he criticized the official policy of the counter-revolutionary regime and voted for a Western-oriented, moderate conservatism. He retreated during the German occupation, and was forced to go into hiding after the German puppet
Arrow Cross A cross whose arms end in arrowheads is called a "cross barby" or "cross barbée" in the traditional terminology of heraldry. In Christian use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears. In modern use, the symb ...
took power. While in hiding, he established contacts with representatives of the
Communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
,
Social Democratic Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ...
and other anti-fascist parties of Hungary. He remained non-partisan, although he was invited to lead the Christian Democratic People's Party. On 2 April 1945 he was elected to the Provisional National Assembly. On October 15, 1945, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Hungary, remaining the ambassador of Hungary to the USSR until September 1948. Preparing the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the Hungarian Republic, Szekfű gave multiple lectures praising the leadership of
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...
and
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...
in the Soviet Union. He was a member of parliament from May 1953, and a member of the Presidium of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1954-1955. Szekfü's work "After the Revolution", published in 1947, reflected his desire to critically reconsider his previous views, moving to more progressive democratic positions.


Selected works

* ''A száműzött Rákóczi'' (1913) * ''Három nemzedék'' (1920) * ''Három nemzedék és ami utána következik'' (1934) * ''Valahol utat vesztettünk'' (1943) * ''Nép, nemzet, állam. Válogatott tanulmányok'' (2002)


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Szekfű, Gyula 1883 births 1955 deaths 20th-century Hungarian historians 20th-century Hungarian diplomats Hungarian Christian democrats People from Székesfehérvár Ambassadors of Hungary to the Soviet Union Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1953–1958) Academic staff of Eötvös Loránd University Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences