Gustav Bychowski (in Polish, Gustaw Bychowski, born 1895 in

Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...

Congress Poland Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established w ...

, died April 3, 1972, in Fez,

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

) was a Polish-American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and author. he was the son of the distinguished neurologist Shneor Zalman Bychowski (1865-1934). He studied for a medical degree at the

University of Zurich The University of Zurich (UZH, ) is a public university, public research university in Zurich, Switzerland. It is the largest university in Switzerland, with its 28,000 enrolled students. It was founded in 1833 from the existing colleges of the ...

and studied psychiatry at

Burghölzli Burghölzli, named after the wooded hill in the district of Riesbach in southeastern Zürich where it is located, is the ''Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich'' ('Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich'), a psychiatric hospital in Switzerl ...

, the University of Zurich's psychiatric hospital. He then studied psychoanalysis under

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ( ; ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychopathology, pathologies seen as originating fro ...

in Vienna before moving back to Warsaw in 1921 and translating Freud's ''Introduction to Psychoanalysis'' into Polish. During his career, he wrote a large number of books on psychoanalysis including ''Evil in Man: The Anatomy of Hate and Violence'' and ''Dictators and Disciples from Caesar to Stalin''. The latter looks specifically at Julius Caesar, Oliver Cromwell, Maximilien Robespierre, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. The psychoanalyst Frank M. Lachmann describes Bychowski as not being a traditional Freudian: "Here was a Freudian analyst who was clearly more interested in connecting with the patient and finding areas of strength than in demonstrating how clever he could be in eliciting psychopathology". Lachmann writes that Bychowski eventually adopted similar views to that of Heinz Kohut. Amongst his patients was noted American filmmaker James Toback.

Selected bibliography

* ''Specialized Techniques in Psychotherapy'' (ed. with J. Louise Despert), New York: Basic Books, 1952. * ''Zur Psychopathologie der Brandstiftung''. Zurich: O. Fussli, 1919 * ''Zur Psychopathologie der Brandstiftung''. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 5, p. 29–55, 1919 * ''Űber das Fehlen der Wahmehmung der eigenen Blindheit bei zwei Kriegsverletzten''. Neurologisches Centralblatt 39, p. 354–357, 1920 * ''Wissenschaft und Anthroposophie. Bemerkungen zum Aufsatz von Glaus ueber die anthroposophischen Kurse in Dornach''. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift 16, p. 377–378, 1921 * ''Autismus und Regression in modernen Kunstbestrebungen''. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medicin 78, s. 102–121, 1922 * ''Eine Gesichtsillusion als Ausdruck der ambivalenten Ubertragung''. Int. Zsch. Psychoanal. 8, p. 337–339, 1922 * * * ''Zur Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen der Psyche und dem weiblichen Genitalsystem''. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 59, p. 209–214, 1925 *
Schizofrenja w świetle psychoanalizy
'. Rocznik Psychjatryczny 5, p. 49–78, 1927 * ''W sprawie psychoterapji schizofrenji''. Rocznik Psychjatryczny 8, p. 57–69, 1928 * ''Űber Psychotherapie der Schizophrenie''. Der Nervenarzt 1(8), p. 478–487, 1928 * ''Słowacki i jego dusza. Studium psychoanalityczne''. Warszawa-Kraków: Wydawnictwo J. Mortkowicza, 1930 * ''O wychowaniu seksualnem''. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Eugeniczne, 1930 * ''Marcel Proust als Dichter der psychologischen Analyse''. Psychoanal. Bewegung 4, s. 323–344, 1932 * ''O pewnych zagadnieniach schizofrenji w świetle patologji mózgowej''. Rocznik Psychjatryczny 21, p. 28–44, 1933 * ''Psychoanaliza na usługach wychowania dzieci moralnie zaniedbanych''. Szkoła Specjalna 11 (2/4), 1934/1935 * ''Przestępca w świetle psychoanalizy''. Rocznik Psychjatryczny 24, p. 30–52, 1935 *
Certain Problems of Schizophrenia in the Light of Cerebral Pathology
'. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 81 (3), p. 280–298, 1935 * ''O legastenji'', 1935 * ''Zasady analizy psychiatrycznej zaburzeń ogniskowych''. Rocznik Psychjatryczny 25, 110–134, 1936 *
Rozmowa z Freudem
'. Wiadomości Literackie 20 (652), p. 4, 10.4.1936 * Bychowski G., Kaczyński M., Konopka C., Szczytt K. ''Doświadczenia i dotychczasowe wyniki leczenia insuliną chorób psychicznych''. Rocznik Psychiatryczny 28, s. 105–135, 1936 * ''Frontalsyndrome und Parietookzipitalsyndrome''. Jahrbücher für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 54, p. 283–311, 1937 * ''O diencefalozach''. Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie 15 (5, 6), 1938 *
Physiology of schizophrenic thinking
'. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 98, p. 368–386, 1942 * ''The spiritual background of Hitlerism''. Journal of Criminal Psychopathology 4, p. 579–598, 1942 *
Disorders In The Body-image In The Clinical Pictures Of Psychoses
'. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 97(3), p. 310–335, 1943. * ''Some aspects of shock therapy: the structure of psychosis''. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 102, p. 338–356, 1945 * ''Dictators and Disciples from Caesar to Stalin; A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of History''. New York: International Universities Press, 1948 * ''On neurotic obesity''. Psychoanalytic Review 37, p. 301–319, 1950 * ''Psychotherapy of Psychosis''. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1952 * ''Specialized Techniques in Psychotherapy''. New York: Basic Books, 1952 * ''Obsessive compulsive façade in schizophrenia''. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 47, p. 189–197, 1966 * ''Evil in Man: The Anatomy of Hate and Violence''. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1968

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bychowski, Gustav 1895 births American psychiatrists Physicians from Warsaw Polish emigrants to the United States American psychoanalysts Jewish psychoanalysts University of Zurich alumni 1972 deaths Analysands of Siegfried Bernfeld Translators of Sigmund Freud Polish psychiatrists 20th-century American psychologists