Gunther Erich Rothenberg (11 July 1923 – 26 April 2004) was an internationally known military historian, best known for his publications on the Habsburg military and
Napoleonic Wars
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Napoleonic Wars
, partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
, image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg
, caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...
. He had a fifteen-year military career, as a
British Army
The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...
soldier in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, a
Haganah
Haganah ( , ) was the main Zionist political violence, Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Yishuv in the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate for Palestine. It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the reg ...
officer in the
1948 Arab–Israeli War
The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war. The civil war becam ...
, and in the
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Air force, air service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Tracing its ori ...
during the
Korean War
The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
.
Escape from Nazi Germany and military service
Gunther Erich Rothenberg was born in
Berlin
Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
, Germany, during the time of the
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was the German Reich, German state from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclai ...
, as the son of Erich Abraham Rothenberg and Lotte Cohn. His family was a culturally assimilated German Jewish family.
[Thomas M. Barker]
"Letters to the Editor."
Project MUSE. 2004. Accessed 31 May 2010. In 1937, Rothenberg moved to the
Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
with his mother; his father later joined them.
[Peter Dennis and Eleanor Hancock. "Gunther Rothenberg Obituary. ''Jewish News (Melbourne).'' Melbourne, Australia, 11 June 2004.] The family moved next to Britain, where Rothenberg had some schooling.
[ In 1939, he moved to ]Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine was a British Empire, British geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the Palestine (region), region of Palestine, and after 1922, under the terms of the League of Nations's Mandate for Palestine.
After ...
, then under British rule. There he joined the Zionist movement
Zionism is an ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the Jewish people, pursued through the colonization of Palestine, a region roughly co ...
and Hashomer Hatzair
Hashomer Hatzair (, , 'The Young Guard') is a Labor Zionism, Labor Zionist, secular Jewish youth movement founded in 1913 in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary. It was also the name of the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party, the ...
(The Youth Guard), a Socialist-Zionist youth movement. He retained his passion for a Jewish homeland throughout his life.[
On 13 July 1941, his parents emigrated to the United States on the ''Villa de Madrid'', an overcrowded ocean-liner that left ]Barcelona
Barcelona ( ; ; ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...
on 20 June. His father, Erich Joseph Rothenberg, was an importer, and both his parents spoke English, Hebrew, French, and German. Their visas, issued in Lisbon
Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...
, Portugal, claimed Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
n citizenship. At the age of 57, his father registered for the fourth draft in 1942, listing his residence as New York City, and his next of kin as his wife, Lotte.
In 1941, Gunther Rothenberg volunteered for the British Army, serving in an all-Jewish unit. He was wounded in North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...
. He transferred from the Royal Army Service Corps
The Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) was a corps of the British Army responsible for land, coastal and lake transport, air despatch, barracks administration, the Army Fire Service, staffing headquarters' units, supply of food, water, fuel and do ...
to the Intelligence Corps and fought with the Eighth Army. He served in the Italian campaign, in the Yugoslav war of liberation and in Austria.[ His service continued in the occupation of Austria until 1946. He was a civilian employee of ]U.S. Intelligence
The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a group of separate U.S. federal government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national secur ...
1946–1948.[ Rothenberg returned to Palestine and joined the ]Haganah
Haganah ( , ) was the main Zionist political violence, Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Yishuv in the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate for Palestine. It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the reg ...
for 1948 Palestine war
The 1948 Palestine war was fought in the territory of what had been, at the start of the war, British-ruled Mandatory Palestine. During the war, the British withdrew from Palestine, Zionist forces conquered territory and established the Stat ...
.[Charles Schneid. Hnet Obituary. 28 April 2004.] He rose to the rank of captain
Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...
in the Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and ...
.[
By 1948, Rothenberg's father had died][ and his mother, Lotte (1894–1990), had become a naturalized United States citizen. To be with her in New York City,][ Rothenberg journeyed to Canada, arriving in ]Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax is the capital and most populous municipality of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the most populous municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of 2024, it is estimated that the population of the H ...
; traveling from there to Toronto
Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...
, he lived for a while at Wycliffe College
Wycliffe College () is an evangelical Colleges of the University of Toronto, graduate school of theology of the University of Toronto located at the University of Toronto#St. George campus, St. George campus in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Founded i ...
, where he worked briefly as a construction laborer.[''Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, New York, 1902–1954''. (National Archives Micropublication M1480, 165 rolls); Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, RG 85; National Archives, Washington, D.C.] On 19 November 1948, he crossed the international border into the United States at Buffalo
Buffalo most commonly refers to:
* True buffalo or Bubalina, a subtribe of wild cattle, including most "Old World" buffalo, such as water buffalo
* Bison, a genus of wild cattle, including the American buffalo
* Buffalo, New York, a city in the n ...
, with $12.00 in his pocket.[ In 1951, he volunteered for the United States Army, transferred to the Air Force,][ and served in the ]Korean War
The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
. He left the Air Force in 1955.[ He remained guided by a deep sense of duty and a strong sense of American patriotism throughout his life.][
]
Education and career
After military service in the United States Air Force, he graduated from the University of Illinois with an undergraduate degree. Two years later, he had a master's degree from the University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or UChi) is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Its main campus is in the Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood on Chicago's South Side, Chic ...
. In 1959 he finished his doctoral degree at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United States. Established in 1867, it is the f ...
. He retired from Purdue University
Purdue University is a Public university#United States, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system. The university was founded ...
, was appointed Professor Emeritus
''Emeritus/Emerita'' () is an honorary title granted to someone who retirement, retires from a position of distinction, most commonly an academic faculty position, but is allowed to continue using the previous title, as in "professor emeritus".
...
, and lived in Canberra
Canberra ( ; ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the Federation of Australia, federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's list of cities in Australia, largest in ...
, Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
, where he continued to write about the Napoleonic Wars.
He wrote several ground-breaking books on the organization of the Habsburg military and the military reforms of Archduke Charles
Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Lawrence of Austria, Duke of Teschen (; 5 September 177130 April 1847) was an Austrian Empire, Austrian field marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. He was also the youn ...
in the first decade of the Napoleonic Wars. His last book, ''The Emperor's Last Victory,'' about the Battle of Wagram
The Battle of Wagram (; 5–6 July 1809) was a military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars that ended in a costly but decisive victory for Emperor of the French, Emperor Napoleon's French and allied army against the Austrian Empire, Austrian arm ...
in 1809, was published posthumously.
Although he had never finished high school, with the help of the GI Bill
The G.I. Bill, formally the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). The original G.I. Bill expired in 1956, but the te ...
, Rothenberg completed a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United ...
[ in 1954. He attended graduate school at the ]University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or UChi) is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Its main campus is in the Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood on Chicago's South Side, Chic ...
,[ where he was recognized as an argumentative, sometimes abrasive, graduate student with a keen mind.][Earl A. Reitan, "Letter to the Editor." ''Journal of Military History''. 68.4 (2004) 1343–1350.] As a graduate student, Rothenberg reviewed W.E.D. Allen
William Edward David Allen OBE (6 January 1901 – 18 September 1973) was a British scholar, Foreign Service officer, fascist politician and businessman, best known as a historian of the South Caucasus—notably Georgia.
Career
Born into, on h ...
s ''Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921'' (Cambridge University Press, 1953) for ''Journal of Modern History'', He wrote his 1956 masters' thesis
A thesis (: theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: D ...
entitled ''General Crook and the Apaches, 1871–1874: the campaign in the Tonto Basin''. Rothenberg received his doctorate from the University of Illinois
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United ...
: his 1959 dissertation, ''Antemurales Christianitatis: then military border in Croatia, 1522–1749'', was published in 1960 by the University of Chicago Press, as ''The Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1749''; he followed this with a second study, ''The Military Border in Croatia, 1750–1888: a study of an imperial institution'' in 1966, also published by University of Chicago Press. Both volumes were translated into German in 1970.
In part-time temporary teaching positions in Illinois[ and four years at the ]Southern Illinois University
Southern Illinois University is a system of public universities in the southern region of the U.S. state of Illinois. Its headquarters is in Carbondale, Illinois.
Board of trustees
The university is governed by the nine member SIU Board of T ...
,[ Rothenberg taught European and world history, and published an instructor's manual on history of the world, with Henry C. Boren. In 1962, Rothenberg joined the faculty of the ]University of New Mexico
The University of New Mexico (UNM; ) is a public research university in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. Founded in 1889 by the New Mexico Territorial Legislature, it is the state's second oldest university, a flagship university in th ...
; over the following ten years, he rose to the position of full professor
Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a 'person who professes'. Professors ...
.[ In 1962–63, he was the recipient of a ]Guggenheim Fellowship
Guggenheim Fellowships are Grant (money), grants that have been awarded annually since by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, endowed by the late Simon Guggenheim, Simon and Olga Hirsh Guggenheim. These awards are bestowed upon indiv ...
. In 1972, he accepted a position at Purdue University
Purdue University is a Public university#United States, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system. The university was founded ...
. There, he taught courses in military and European history. As a teacher, his popular course on World War II attracted more than 250 undergraduates
Undergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and before postgraduate education, usually in a college or university. It typically includes all postsecondary programs up to the level of a bachelor's degree. For example, ...
annually.[
In the 1970s, Rothenberg also established himself as an international Napoleonic scholar with ''The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon'', published in 1977. He also mentored hundreds of graduate and doctoral students. He regularly published in such peer-reviewed publications as ''Journal of Military History'' and served on the editorial board of ''War in History''. In 1985, Rothenberg was a visiting ]Fulbright
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States cultural exchange programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people ...
fellow in the Department of History in the Faculty of Military Studies at the Australian Royal Military College Royal Military College may refer to:
;Australia
* Royal Military College, Duntroon, Campbell, Australian Capital Territory
;Canada
* Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario
* Royal Military College Saint-Jean, Saint-Jean, Quebec
;Indi ...
, Duntroon. He retired from Purdue in 1999 and was named ''Professor Emeritus
''Emeritus/Emerita'' () is an honorary title granted to someone who retirement, retires from a position of distinction, most commonly an academic faculty position, but is allowed to continue using the previous title, as in "professor emeritus".
...
''.[
From 1995 to 2001, Rothenberg was a visiting fellow at the School of Historical Studies, ]Monash University
Monash University () is a public university, public research university based in Melbourne, Victoria (state), Victoria, Australia. Named after World War I general Sir John Monash, it was founded in 1958 and is the second oldest university in the ...
. After his retirement, he moved to Melbourne, Australia, and then to Canberra, where his third wife, Eleanor Hancock, taught at the Australian Defence Force Academy
The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) is a tri-service military academy that provides military and Tertiary education in Australia, academic education for junior officers of the Australian Defence Force in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) ...
.[ Although retired, he continued to teach, lecture, and publish reviews. He also wrote two more books.][
Life in Australia did not always please him; he missed both his colleagues in North America and his Purdue students. His politics—he "was anything but politically correct"—did not mesh well with Australia's leftist atmosphere.][ He wrote indignantly to a friend in the United States that he regretted moving to Australia when the authorities confiscated his muzzle loaders, which were prohibited "Down Under."][
In 2004, he returned to the United States to present the ]keynote address
A keynote in public speaking is a talk that establishes a main underlying theme. In corporate or commercial settings, greater importance is attached to the delivery of a keynote speech or keynote address. The keynote establishes the framework fo ...
at the 34th Annual Conference of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe. He had recently completed ''The Emperor's Last Victory: Napoleon and the Battle of Wagram,'' which was published posthumously in November 2004.[ He died at the age of 80.][
]
Legacy
Rothenberg's legacy is not only the generations of scholars he prepared, but also his vast historiographical contribution to understanding the Revolutionary era. For many years, his ''Army of Francis Joseph'' (1976) was the standard and the only English language analysis of the Habsburg Army in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic wars. He changed the widespread perception of Archduke Charles' military acumen. A masterful historian,[ Rothenberg was known furthermore as an eminently fair scholar. After publishing a critique of a publication, the author contacted him, and proved the critique unjust; Rothenberg immediately wrote to a review retracting the criticism, and the two scholars remained friends for the remainder of his life.][
Some of his colleagues considered Rothenberg "the greatest scholar of the Napoleonic era of our day." His adventurous life and diverse experiences gave him a deep understanding of human nature.][ This made him a valuable colleague and a treasured mentor for his many graduate students.][
]High Point University
High Point University (HPU) is a private university in High Point, North Carolina, United States. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university was founded as High Point College in 1924, and it became High Point University in ...
conducts the Gunther E. Rothenberg Seminar in Military History.
Personal life and family
His first marriage in 1952 ended in a 1967 divorce. In 1969, Rothenberg married Ruth Gillah Smith, a widow with three daughters (Judith Goris, Laura Allman, Georgia Jones (all born Herron)), whom he helped to raise; she died in 1992. In 1995, he married for a third time, to Eleanor Hancock, a lecturer at Monash University
Monash University () is a public university, public research university based in Melbourne, Victoria (state), Victoria, Australia. Named after World War I general Sir John Monash, it was founded in 1958 and is the second oldest university in the ...
in Australia.[ She is now a senior lecturer in history at the ]Australian Defence Force Academy
The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) is a tri-service military academy that provides military and Tertiary education in Australia, academic education for junior officers of the Australian Defence Force in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) ...
at the University of New South Wales
The University of New South Wales (UNSW) is a public research university based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was established in 1949.
The university comprises seven faculties, through which it offers bachelor's, master's and docto ...
, and has written the first biography of Ernst Julius Röhm
Ernst is both a surname and a given name, the German, Dutch, and Scandinavian form of Ernest. Notable people with the name include:
Surname
* Adolf Ernst (1832–1899) German botanist known by the author abbreviation "Ernst"
* Anton Ernst (born ...
. Her 1988 doctoral thesis, ''National Socialist Leadership And Total War, 1941–45'' for the Australia National University was published by St. Martin's Press in 1992.
Publications
Rothenberg published hundreds of journal articles, reviews, and lectures. This is a partial list.[Gunther Rothenberg. Worldcat.org Accessed 31 May 2010.]
Books
*
*
*
*
* (Subsequent editions titled ''Napoleon's Great Adversary: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army.'')
*
*
*
* Distributed by Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's la ...
* Distributed by Columbia University Press
Journal articles
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
References
Sources
*Barker, Thomas M.
"Letters to the Editor."
Project MUSE. 2004. Accessed 31 May 2010.
*Browning, Reed. "Review: Rothenberg's ''The Emperor's Last Victory.''" ''European History Quarterly.'' 37:4, p. 638.
*Council on Foreign Relations
"Capsule Reviews."
Accessed 31 May 2010.
* Daum, Andreas W. "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities," in Andreas W. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan (eds.), ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide''. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, , 1‒52.
* Dennis, Peter and Eleanor Hancock. "Gunther Rothenberg Obituary." ''Jewish News (Melbourne).'' Melbourne, Australia, 11 June 2004.
*Herwig, H. H. "Rebirth of the Habsburg Army." ''Central European History
''Central European History'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on history published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Central European History Society, an affiliate of the American Historical Association. It covers all as ...
.'' (1997), 30: 116–117.
*Schneid, Frederick
Gunther Rothenberg
H-net
28 April 2004.
*MacMillan Palgrave
"Eleanor Hancock"
Macmillan
2008–. Accessed 31 May 2010.
*Reitan, Earl A. "Letter to the Editor." ''Journal of Military History.'' 68.4 (2004) 1343–1350.
*Rothenberg, Gunther E(rich). ''Worldcat.org'
Worldcat
Accessed 31 May 2010.
*Rothenberg, Gunther. "Review: ''War for the Everyday,'' by Eric Lund." ''The Journal of Military History
''The Journal of Military History'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the military history of all times and places. It is the official journal of the Society for Military History. The journal was established in 1937 and the e ...
.'' Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 522–523.
*United States Government. ''Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820–1897.'' (National Archives Microfilm Publication M237, 675 rolls); Records of the U.S. Customs Service, Record Group 36; National Archives, Washington, D.C. Readily available in a variety of indexes and databases. See for exampl
Ancestry
*United States Government. ''Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, New York, 1902–1954.'' (National Archives Micropublication M1480, 165 rolls); Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, RG 85; National Archives, Washington, D.C. Readily available in a variety of indexes and databases. See for exampl
Ancestry
*United States, Selective Service System. ''Selective Service Registration Cards, World War II: Fourth Registration.'' National Archives and Records Administration Branch locations: National Archives and Records Administration Region Branches. Readily available in a variety of indexes and databases. See for exampl
Ancestry
*United States, ''Soundex Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in Federal, State, and Local Courts located in New York City, 1792–1989.'' New York, NY, USA: National Archives and Records Administration, Northeast Region. Readily available in a variety of indexes and databases. See for exampl
Ancestry
*Mahler, Art
Accessed 24 June 2012.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
1923 births
2004 deaths
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Immigrants to the United States
German military historians
German Zionists
Historians of the Napoleonic Wars
Writers from Berlin
University of Chicago alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Purdue University faculty
Illinois State University faculty
Southern Illinois University faculty
University of New Mexico faculty
Academic staff of Monash University
United States Army soldiers
United States Air Force airmen
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Army Service Corps soldiers
Intelligence Corps soldiers
Israeli soldiers
Palmach members
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
German male non-fiction writers
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal
Mandatory Palestine military personnel of World War II