Gunnera Bracteata

''Gunnera'' is the sole genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Gunneraceae, which contains 63 species. Some species in this genus, namely those in the subgenus ''Panke'', have extremely large leaves. Species in the genus are variously native to Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, Papuasia, Hawaii, insular Southeast Asia, Africa, and Madagascar.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
/ref> The stalks of some species are edible.

Taxonomy

''Gunnera'' is the only genus in the family Gunneraceae. The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Gunnerales in the clade core eudicots. The family then consisted of one or two genera, ''Gunnera'' and, optionally, ''Myrothamnus'', the latter optionally segregated as a separate family, Myrothamnaceae. This represents a change from the APG system, of 1998, which firmly recognized two separate families, unplaced as to order. The APG III system and APG IV system recognizes the family Gunneraceae and places ''Myrothamnus'' in Myrothamnaceae; both families are placed in the order Gunnerales in the core eudicots.

The genus ''Gunnera'' was named after the Norwegian botanist Johann Ernst Gunnerus. At first it was assigned to the family Haloragaceae, though that presented difficulties that led to the general recognition of the family Gunneraceae, as had been proposed about the beginning of the 20th century. In the meantime, in many publications it had been referred to as being in the Haloragaceae, variously misspelt (as for example "Halorrhagidaceae".) Such references still cause difficulties in consulting earlier works. However, currently ''Gunnera'' is firmly assigned to the monogeneric family Gunneraceae.

Evolution

''Gunnera'' is thought to be a rather ancient group, with a well-documented fossil history due to the presence of fossilized pollen spores, known by the palynotaxon '' Tricolpites reticulatus''. It is a Gondwanan lineage, having originated in South America during the Cretaceous. The earliest fossilized pollen is known from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Peru, about 90 million years ago, and within the following 10 million years, ''Gunnera'' had achieved a worldwide distribution, with fossil pollen grains being found in areas where it is not found today, such as western North America, mainland Australia, and Antarctica. Based on fossil pollen recovered from drilling cores, ''Gunnera'' is also known to have inhabited the now-submerged islands of the Ninetyeast Ridge during the Paleocene, likely having dispersed there from either Australasia or the then-emergent Kerguelen Plateau islands.

Due to the widespread distribution of ''Gunnera'' during the Cretaceous, it was previously thought that the modern disjunct distribution of the genus was a relic of this period. However, phylogenetic analysis indicates that the majority of ''Gunnera'' species, even those found on entirely different continents, diverged from each other during the Cenozoic, indicating that the modern distribution of ''Gunnera'' is a consequence of long-distance dispersal from South America to other parts of the world, rather than relics of a former cosmopolitan distribution. The only species that diverged prior to the Cenozoic is '' Gunnera herteri'', described from Uruguay and distributed in Uruguay and southeastern Brazil, which is thought to be the most ancient species of the genus, its lineage having diverged during the Late Cretaceous, roughly concurrent with the oldest ''Gunnera'' fossil pollen from Peru. The persistence of the ''Gunnera'' crown group since the Cretaceous makes it unique among flowering plants, and may have been facilitated by strong niche conservatism, dispersal ability, and being able to aggressively colonize disturbed land.

Description

The 40–50 species vary enormously in leaf size, with the iconic large-leaved species belonging to the subgenus ''Panke''. The giant rhubarb, or Campos des Loges (''Gunnera manicata''), native to the Serra do Mar mountains of southeastern Brazil, is perhaps the largest species, with reniform or sub-reniform leaves typically long, not including the thick, succulent petiole which may be up to in length. The width of the leaf blade is typically , but on two occasions cultivated specimens (in Dorset, England in 2011 and at Narrowwater, Ulster, Ireland in 1903) produced leaves fully in width. The seeds germinate best in very moist, but not wet, conditions and temperatures of 22–29 °C.

Only slightly smaller is '' Gunnera masafuerae'' of the Juan Fernandez Islands off the Chilean coast. They can have leaves up to in width on stout leaf stalks long and thick according to Skottsberg. These leaf stalks or petioles are the thickest of any dicot, and probably also the most massive. On nearby Isla Más Afuera, '' Gunnera peltata'' frequently has an upright trunk to in height by thick, bearing leaves up to wide. The Hoja de Pantano ('' Gunnera magnifica'') of the Colombian Andes bears the largest leaf buds of any plant; up to long and thick. The succulent leaf stalks are up to long. The massive inflorescence of small, reddish flowers is up to long and weighs about 13 kg. The flowers of Gunnera species are dimerous ( two sepals, two petals (or none), two stamens (or one), and two carpels. Other giant ''Gunnera'' species within the subgenus ''Panke'' are found throughout the Neotropics and Hawaii. ''Gunnera insignis'' is also known by the name "poor man's umbrella" in Costa Rica.

Outside of the subgenus ''Panke'', most of the more basal ''Gunnera'' species have small-to-medium-sized leaves. There are some species with moderately large leaves in Africa (''G. perpensa'', in the subgenus ''Gunnera'' (which is redundant with ''Perpensum'')) and Southeast Asia (''G. macrophylla'', in the subgenus ''Pseudogunnera''), but the majority of more basal species are low-lying, mat-forming plants with small leaves. There are several small species are found in New Zealand, notably ''G. albocarpa'', with leaves only 1–2 cm long, and also in South America, with ''G. magellanica'' having leaves 5–9 cm wide on stalks 8–15 cm long. The most basal species in the genus, ''G. herteri'' of Uruguay and Brazil, also has small leaves.

Some fossil leaf impressions of ''Gunnera'' from the Cretaceous of North America have large leaves akin to those of ''Panke'', and the most basal extant species within ''Panke'' (''G. mexicana'') is the most northern member. For this reason, it has been suggested that ''Panke'' originates from South American ''Gunnera'' that colonized North America during the Cretaceous and grew into giant forms, with the remaining South American ''Gunnera'' evolving into the subgenus ''Misandra'', with a low-lying, matlike growth. During the Cenozoic, the North American ''Panke'' would have colonized Hawaii and retreated southwards on the mainland before recolonizing South America. However, more recent phylogenetic evidence suggests that ''Misandra'' and ''Panke'' diverged only 15 million years ago, much too recent to assign the Cretaceous ''Gunnera'' to ''Panke''. Due to this, the large-leaved Cretaceous ''Gunnera'' from North America may represent a distinct lineage that convergently evolved giant leaves similar to those of ''Panke'', but did not leave any descendants. ''''

Species

, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species separated by subgenus:

In 2022, it was shown that plants in cultivation under the name ''Gunnera manicata'' were actually a hybrid, ''Gunnera'' × ''cryptica''.

Cyanobacterial symbiosis

At least some species of ''Gunnera'' host endosymbiotic cyanobacteria such as '' Nostoc punctiforme''. The cyanobacteria provide fixed nitrogen to the plant, while the plant provides fixed carbon to the microbe. The bacteria enter the plant via glands found at the base of each leaf stalk and initiate an intracellular symbiosis which is thought to provide the plant with fixed nitrogen in return for fixed carbon for the bacterium. The Nostoc-filled symbiotic tissue makes up just a small portion of the plant's total biomass. ''Gunnera'' is the only known genus of angiosperms that hosts cyanobacteria, and the only known land plant with intracellular cyanobionts. Although the endosymbionts enters the cell wall, they do not penetrate the cell membrane. This relationship may provide insights to allow the creation of novel symbioses between crop plants and cyanobacteria, allowing growth in areas lacking fixed nitrogen in the soil.

Uses

The stalks of '' G. tinctoria'' (''nalca''), from southern Chile and Argentina, are edible. Their principal use is fresh consumption, after peeling, but also they are prepared in salads, liquor or marmalade. Leaves of this species are used in covering curanto (a traditional Chilean food).

''Gunnera perpensa'' is a source of traditional medicine in southern Africa, both in veterinary and human ailments, largely in obstetric and digestive complaints, but also as a wound dressing. It also is eaten in various ways, largely the petioles, flower stalks and leaves, fresh and raw, preferably with skins and fibre removed, which is said to remove bitterness, but also cooked. The plant also is said to be used in making a beer.

References

External links

*
*

Gunneraceae
in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).
The families of flowering plants
: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 21 May 2006
http://delta-intkey.com


links at CSDL



* Global Invasive Species databas
tinctoria
* Medicinal plant detail
''Gunnera perpensa''
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Eudicot genera
Medicinal plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus