Guillermo Carnero Hoke (June 17, 1917 – March 31, 1985) was a

Peruvian Peruvians (''/peruanas'') are the citizens of Peru. What is now Peru has been inhabited for several millennia by cultures such as the Caral before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Peruvian population decreased from an estimated 5–9 ...

writer and political revolutionary, and an activist for the

Indigenous peoples in Peru The Indigenous peoples of Peru or Indigenous Peruvians comprise a large number of ethnic groups who inhabit territory in present-day Peru. Indigenous cultures developed here for thousands of years before the arrival of the Spanish in 1532. In 2 ...

Early life

Carnero Hocke was born in

Piura Piura is a city in northwestern Peru, located north of the Sechura Desert along the Piura River. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. Its population was 484,475 as of 2017 and it is the 7th most populous city in Peru. ...

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

, on June 17, 1917, to a Peruvian father and an Irish mother. He grew up in

Talara Talara is a city in the Talara Province of the Piura Region, in northwestern Peru. It is a port city on the Pacific Ocean with a population of 91,444 as of 2017. Its climate is hot and dry. Due to its oil reserves, and ability to produce aviati ...

, where he joined the

American Popular Revolutionary Alliance The Peruvian Aprista Party (, PAP) () is a Peruvian social-democratic political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (, APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Tor ...

(APRA) in 1931 at the age of 14. In 1933 he travelled to Lima and joined the Communist Youth. He remained a communist until 1939, when he re-joined APRA.

Early activism and first exile

From 1944–1947, he was a member of a student group affiliated with APRA called The Poets of the People (). Other members included his brother-in-law Gustavo Valcárcel, Eduardo Jibaja, Julio Garrido Malaver, Mario Florian, Felipe Arias-Larreta, Abraham Arias-Larreta, Luis Carnero Checa, Antenor Samaniego, Ricardo Tello Neira, Juan Gonzalo Rose,

Manuel Scorza Manuel Scorza (September 9, 1928November 27, 1983) was an important Peruvian novelist, poet, and political activist, exiled under the regime of Manuel Odría. He was born in Lima. Life and career Scorza was a member of a student group affiliated ...

, Alberto Valencia and Felipe Neira. During this time, he published two poetry books, ''Epopeya to Atahualpa'' (1944) and ''Agrocantos'' (1945). After a failed uprising against President José Bustamante y Rivero during October 1948, Carnero Hoke was disciplined and then removed from APRA for criticizing the party. Between 1950 and 1955, Carnero Hoke lived outside Peru, first in

Guatemala Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is hydrologically b ...

, and later in

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

. While in Mexico, he helped plan an armed insurrection of Peru that ultimately failed when the group was captured upon returning to Peru. He and his companions were imprisoned and tortured. During this period, he became disillusioned with APRA, as APRA politicians had sided with the state against the revolutionary current.Prof M. Ruesta Manuel Francisco (U.B.A).
LA INFLUENCIA DEL INDIANISMO EN EL E.G.T.K
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Peruvian Revolutionary Nationalist Party

Upon his release from prison in 1957, Carnero Hoke founded the Peruvian Revolutionary Nationalist Party () with several other ex-APRA members. The new party declared itself to be "anti-imperialist, anti-feudal and anti-oligarchical". The Peruvian Revolutionary Nationalist Party (PRNP) was based in Lima. The PRNP Organizing Committee was initially composed of Carnero Hoke as general secretary, Alberto Bolognesi as Deputy General Secretary, Victor Ortiz Rodriguez (Political Secretary), Carmelo Salvatierra and Francisco Martínez Arbalza (Interior Secretaries), Carlos Jiménez and Héctor Carcovich (Secretaries for Economy), Rogger Mercado (Press Secretary), Asuntos Indígenas, José Castro Guillén (Labour and Indigenous Affairs Secretary), Lino Pedro Pastrana and Oscar Calderón (Propaganda Secretaries), María Salazar Moscoso and Hebé Heredia C (Women's Affairs Secretaries), Ernesto Elias (Secretary for Discipline), José Dodero (Secretary for Conjunctions), German F Minaya (Secretary for Peasantry) and Luis Fernando Diaz (Secretary for Organization). The PNRP organized a revolutionary current within the Peruvian armed forces and sought to build a 'free territory for the

Indians Indian or Indians may refer to: Associated with India * of or related to India ** Indian people ** Indian diaspora ** Languages of India ** Indian English, a dialect of the English language ** Indian cuisine Associated with indigenous peoples o ...

Later life and second exile

In 1960 Carnero Hoke returned to exile in

, where he founded the Latin American Liberation Movement (MLL) with other

Latin America Latin America is the cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken, primarily Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geogr ...

n prospective revolutionaries. In 1966, he published ''La Madrastra Europa: Tesis para la liberación de América Latina'' ("''La Madrastra Europa: Thesis for the release of Latin America''"), a book outlining the ideology of the MLL. In 1967 he published ''El método revolucionario y la conciencia histórica'' ("''The Revolutionary Method and Historical Consciousness''"), a compilation of articles supporting the previous work. In 1968, Carnero Hoke returned to Peru from exile in Mexico and published ''Nueva teoría para la insurgencia'' ("''New Theory for the Insurgency''"). On December 23, 1968 the PNRP National Council declared the party dissolved. In 1974 Carnero Hoke founded the Peruvian Indian Movement (MIP) with another indigenous activist, Virgilio Roel Pineda, but the organization never reached a broad audience. Carnero Hoke had the first in a series of

stroke Stroke is a medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemor ...

s in 1976, resulting in a month's hospitalization. He survived a second, but his third caused a

cerebral infarction Cerebral infarction, also known as an ischemic stroke, is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among peo ...

that resulted in his death on March 31, 1985.

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carnero Hoke, Guillermo 1917 births 1985 deaths 20th-century Peruvian writers 20th-century Peruvian poets Peruvian male poets 20th-century Peruvian male writers College of Our Lady of Guadalupe alumni