Guatemalan Spanish

Guatemalan Spanish () is the national variant of Spanish spoken in the Central American country of Guatemala. While 93% of Guatemalans in total speak Spanish, it is the native language of only 69% of the population due to the prevalence of languages in the indigenous Mayan and Arawakan families. Guatemalans typically use the second-person singular personal pronoun alongside the standard Spanish second-person singular pronouns and to form a three-level system of second-person singular address.

Phonetics and phonology

*The presence of seseo wherein there is no distinction between and . Seseo is common to all of Latin American Spanish, and the Andalusian and Canarian Spanish varieties in Spain.
* is realized as glottal .
* Syllable-final is only occasionally aspirated, and only when before consonants or a pause. It's weakened less often than in any other Central American dialect.
* Word-final is pronounced velar .
*As Guatemala was part of the First Mexican Empire, the Guatemalan dialect adopted the voiceless alveolar affricate and the cluster (originally ) represented by the respective digraphs and in loanwords of Nahuatl origin, ''quetzal'' and ''tlapalería'' ('hardware store'). Even words of Greek and Latin origin with , such as and , are pronounced with : , (compare , in Spain and other dialects in Hispanic America).
*The alveolar trill is often assibilated to a fricative . Syllable-final may also be assibilated, often sounding somewhat like or , although this is less common among younger and urban speakers. In central Guatemala, is often pronounced as an affricate, almost like English . This is more common after consonants as in 'between'. This feature is not as frequent in Guatemala as in Costa Rica, Chile, or the Andes and is less common among younger and urban speakers.

Grammar

Guatemalan Spanish uses , alongside and as second-person singular pronouns.

In Guatemala and El Salvador, indefinite articles are commonly placed before a possessive pronoun, as in . Very rarely a demonstrative can go before the possessive pronoun, like . This construction was occasional in Old Spanish and is still found in Judaeo-Spanish, but its prevalence in Guatemalan and even Salvadoran Spanish is due to similar constructions appearing in several Mayan languages.

Vocabulary

A number of words are widely used in Guatemala which have Mayan or other native origins such as names for flora, fauna and toponyms. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, such as ''chocolate'' and ''aguacate'' ("avocado"). However, some words are only used in Mexico and most Central American countries. The latter include ''guajolote'' "turkey" < Nahuatl ''huaxōlōtl'' (although ''chompipe'' can be used; ''pavo'' is also used as in other Spanish-speaking countries); ''papalote'' "kite" < Nahuatl ''pāpālōtl'' "butterfly"; and ''jitomate'' "tomato" < Nahuatl ''xītomatl'' . For a more complete list see List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin. Local words include:

There are also many words unique to Central America, for example, ''chunche'' or ''chochadas'' or ''babosadas'' means "thing" or "stuff" in some places. The words used to describe children (or kids) vary among the countries in Central America; in Guatemala, they are often called ''patojos''. In the eastern departments especially Jutiapa, ''cipotes'' is used to refer to children; meanwhile, in the western and northern departments, ''chamacos'' is used. In Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras, the word ''güiros'' is also used. In Guatemala as well as Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, people with money are said to have ''pisto'', a term originally used by Maya peoples in Guatemala.

See also

* Languages of Guatemala
* Central American Spanish

Notes

References

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

{{Spanish variants by continent

Languages of Guatemala
Central American Spanish