Guangdong Case

) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty near modern Wuzhou, whose name is a reference to an order by Emperor Wu of Han to "widely bestow favors and sow trust". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called '' Loeng gwong'' ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t=兩廣, s=两广 , p=liǎng guǎng) During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as ''Guǎngnán Dōnglù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣南東路, s=广南东路, l=East Circuit in Southern Guang , labels=no) and ''Guǎngnán Xīlù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣南西路, s=广南西路, l=West Circuit in Southern Guang , labels=no), which became abbreviated as ''Guǎngdōng Lù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣東路, s=广东路 , labels=no) and ''Guǎngxī Lù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣西路, s=广西路 , labels=no).

"''Dōng''" ( zh, first=t, t=東, s=东) means "east".

"Canton", though etymologically derived from ' (the Portuguese transliteration of "Guangdong"), usually by itself refers to the provincial capital Guangzhou. Historically, Canton was also used for the province itself, but often either specified as a province (e.g. Canton Province), or written as ''Kwangtung'' in the Wade–Giles system and now most commonly as ''Guangdong'' in Pinyin. The local people of the city of Guangzhou (Canton) and their language are called Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese can also be used, in a wider sense, for the phylogenetically related residents and Chinese dialects outside the provincial capital.

History

Prehistory

The Neolithic era began in the Pearl River Delta () 7,000 years before present (BP), with the early period from around 7000 to 5000 BP (c. 5050–3050 BC), and the late period from about 5000 to 3500 BP (c. 3050–1550 BC). In coastal Guangdong, the Neolithic was likely introduced from the middle Yangtze River area (Jiao 2013). In inland Guangdong, the Neolithic appeared in Guangdong 4,600 years before present (BP). The Neolithic in northern inland Guangdong is represented by the Shixia culture (), which occurred from 4600 to 4200 BP (c. 2650–2250 BC).

Imperial

Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue"), the region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty. Under the Qin Dynasty, Chinese administration began and along with it, reliable historical records about the region. After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, near what is now part of Guangzhou. The region was later controlled by an independent kingdom known as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. The Han dynasty administered Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam as Jiaozhi Province; southernmost Jiaozhi Province was used as a gateway for traders from the west—as far away as the Roman Empire. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, the Guang Province, in 226 CE.

Canton was a prosperous port city along a tropical frontier region beset by disease and wild animals, but rich in oranges, banyan, bananas, and lychee fruits. They traded slaves, silk and chinaware with Persians, Brahmans and Malays in exchange for their renowned medicines and fragrant tropical woods. Shi'a Muslims who had fled persecution in Khorasan and Buddhists from India lived side by side in the thriving town each erecting their own houses of worship. A foreign quarter sprang up along the river where many traders of diverse backgrounds including Arabs and Singhalese took up residence.

The port's importance declined after it was raided by Arabs and Persians in 758 and the foreign residents were at times troubled by the corrupt local officials, sometimes responding violently. During one incident in 684, for example, a merchant vessel's captain murdered a corrupt governor who had used his position to steal from the merchant.

Together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit (political division Circuit), or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit () in 971 during the Song dynasty (960–1279). "Guangnan East" () is the source of the name "Guangdong" ().

As time passed, the demographics of what is now Guangdong gradually shifted to ( Han) Chinese dominance as the populations intermingled due to commerce along the great canals. From the fall of the Han dynasty onwards, it shifted more abruptly through massive migration from the north during periods of political turmoil and nomadic incursions. For example, internal strife in northern China following the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between the 740s–750s and 800s–810s. As more migrants arrived, the local population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced.

As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court fled southwards from its capital in Hangzhou. The defeat of the Southern Song court by Mongol naval forces in The Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song dynasty (960–1279).

During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi. Its present name, "Guangdong Province" was given in early Ming dynasty.

Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world. European merchants coming northwards via the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea, particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou. Macau, on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in 1557.

In the 19th century, the opium traded through Guangzhou triggered the First Opium War, opening an era of Western imperialists' incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau, which was then a Portuguese colony, Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (modern day area of Zhanjiang) to the French.

Due to the large number of people that emigrated out of the Guangdong province, and in particular the ease of immigration from Hong Kong to other parts of the British Empire (later British Commonwealth), many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in Guangdong and/or Cantonese culture. In particular, the Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew dialects have proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than Mandarin-speaking Chinese. Additionally, many Taishanese-speaking Chinese emigrated to Western countries, with the results that many Western versions of Chinese words were derived from the Cantonese dialects rather than through the mainstream Mandarin language, such as "dim sum". Some Mandarin Chinese words originally of foreign origin also came from the original foreign language by way of Cantonese. For example, the Mandarin word ' ( zh, s=柠檬, t=檸檬), meaning "Lemon", came from Cantonese, in which the characters are pronounced as '. In the United States, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the county-level city of Taishan (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak a distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called Taishanese (or Toishanese).

During the 1850s, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, whose leader Hong Xiuquan was born in Guangdong and received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary in Guangdong, was allied with a local Guangdong Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856). Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the centre of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun Yat-sen, was also from Guangdong.

20th century

During the early 1920s of the Republic of China, Guangdong was the staging area for the Kuomintang (KMT) to prepare for the Northern Expedition, an effort to bring the various warlords of China back under a unified central government. The Whampoa Military Academy was built near Guangzhou to train military commanders.

At the end of the Chinese Civil War Guangdong became one of the Nationalist government's final footholds in Mainland China, with Guangzhou temporarily serving as the Kuomintang's provisional capitol. The People's Liberation Army seized control of the province after the retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan.

The new Chinese Communist Party administration issued harsh taxes, requisitioning between 22 and 60 percent of grain annually. However, the local party boss Fang Fang tried to moderate Chinese land reform policy in order to protect successful businesses in the Pearl River Delta, landholdings by overseas Chinese seeking to eventually return to the country, and commercial relations with British Hong Kong. In response Mao Zedong purged Fang and thousands of cadres from the province in 1952, sending Tao Zhu to implement a much harsher program under the slogan "Every Village Bleeds, Every Household Fights."

During Reform and Opening Up, Guangdong was supported by the central government to be "one step ahead" of the rest of the country. Most major cities in Guangdong underwent liberalizing economic reforms in the mid-1980s. Since Reform and Opening Up, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with Hong Kong, which borders it. It is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China.

In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline (Qinzhou, Lianzhou (now Hepu County), Fangchenggang and Beihai) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. Hainan Island was originally part of Guangdong, but it was separated into its own province in 1988.

Geography

Guangdong faces the South China Sea to the south and has a total of of coastline. The Leizhou Peninsula is on the southwestern end of the province. There are a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula. The Pearl River Delta is the convergent point of three upstream rivers: the East River, North River, and West River. The river delta is filled with hundreds of small islands. The province is geographically separated from the north by a few mountain ranges collectively called the Nan Mountains (Nan Ling). The highest peak in the province is Shikengkong with an elevation of above sea level.

Guangdong borders Fujian to the northeast, Jiangxi and Hunan to the north, Guangxi autonomous region to the west, and Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions to the south. Hainan is offshore across from the Leizhou Peninsula. Pratas Island, which were traditionally governed as part of Guangdong, are part of Cijin District, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (ROC). The PRC continues to claim Pratas Island as part of Guangdong under the district of Chengqu, Shanwei.

Cities around the Pearl River Delta include Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Huizhou, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Shunde, Taishan, Zhongshan, and Zhuhai. Other cities in the province include Chaozhou, Chenghai, Nanhai District, Nanhai, Shantou, Shaoguan, Zhanjiang, Zhaoqing, Yangjiang, and Yunfu.

Guangdong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification, Köppen ''Cfa'' inland, ''Cwa'' along the coast). Winters are short, mild, and relatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and very wet. Average daily highs in Guangzhou in January and July are , although the humidity makes it feel hotter in summer. Frost is rare on the coast but may happen a few days each winter.

Economy

In 2022, Guangdong's GDP was 13.57 trillion Renminbi, RMB ($1.9 trillion in GDP nominal, $3.78 trillion in Purchasing power parity, PPP), with a per capita GDP of ( in nominal or US$25,016 in Purchasing power parity, PPP). It is the List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita, richest province in South Central China region and the seventh richest among all provinces by GDP per capita. Guangdong has been the largest province by GDP since 1989 in Mainland China. Its GDP exceeded that of Australia ($1.70 trillion) and South Korea ($1.67 trillion), the world's 12th and 13th List of countries by GDP (nominal), largest economy, respectively. If it was a country, Guangdong would be the List of countries by GDP (nominal), 12th-largest economy as of 2022 and the List of countries and dependencies by population, 11th most populous. Compared to country subdivisions in dollar terms, Guangdong's GDP in nominal is larger than all but four List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion US dollars, country subdivisions: California, Texas, New York State, and England. Compared to country subdivisions in PPP terms, Guangdong's GDP is larger than all, except California. By PPP terms, as of 2022, Guangdong's economy ranked between Turkey and Italy with a GDP of $3.35 trillion and US$3.06 trillion respectively, the List of countries by GDP (PPP), 11th and 12th largest in the world respectively.

After the Chinese Revolution (1949), communist revolution and until the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms in 1978, Guangdong was an economic backwater, although a large underground, service-based economy has always existed. Economic development policies encouraged industrial development in the interior provinces which were weakly joined to Transport in Guangdong, Guangdong via transportation links. The government policy of economic autarky made Guangdong's access to the ocean irrelevant.

Deng Xiaoping's open door policy radically changed the economy of the province as it was able to take advantage of its access to the ocean, proximity to Hong Kong, and historical links to overseas Chinese. Guangdong was one of the first provinces to receive permission from the central government to receive foreign investment. In addition, until the 1990s when the Tax system in China, Chinese taxation system was reformed, the province benefited from the relatively low rate of taxation placed on it by the central government due to its post-Liberation status of being economically backward.

Guangdong's economic boom began with the early 1990s and has since spread to neighboring provinces, and also pulled their populations inward. The economic growth of Guangdong province owes much to the low-value-added manufacturing which characterized (and in many ways still defines) the province's economy following Deng Xiaoping's reforms. Guangdong is not only China's largest exporter of goods, it is the country's largest importer as well.

The province is now one of the richest in the nation, with the most billionaires in mainland China, the highest GDP among all the provinces, although wage growth has only recently begun to rise due to a large influx of migrant workers from neighboring provinces. By 2015, the local government of Guangdong hopes that the service industry will account for more than 50 percent of the provinces GDP and high-tech manufacturing another 20 percent.

In 2021, Guangdong's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 534 billion RMB (US$79.4 billion), 5.28 trillion RMB (US$785.6 billion), and 7.09 trillion RMB (US$1.05 trillion), respectively. Guangdong contributes approximately 10.6% of the total national economic output. Now, it has three of the six Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China, Special Economic Zones: Shenzhen, Shantou and Zhuhai. The affluence of Guangdong, however, remains very concentrated near the Pearl River Delta.

Economic and technological development zones

* Shenzhen Export Processing Zone
* Shenzhen Futian Free Trade Zone
* Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park
* Yantian Port Free Trade Zone
* Foshan National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* Guangzhou Development District
* Guangzhou Export Processing Zone
* Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
* Guangzhou Nansha Economic and Technical Development Zone
* Guangzhou Nanhu Lake Tourist Holiday Resort (Chinese Version)
* Guangzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* Huizhou Dayawan Economic and Technological Development Zone
* Huizhou Export Processing Zone
* Huizhou Zhongkai Hi-Tech Development Zone
* Nansha Subdistrict, Nansha Free Trade Zone
* Shantou Free Trade Zone
* Shatoujiao Free Trade Zone
* Zhanjiang Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese Version)
* Zhuhai National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* Zhuhai Free Trade Zone
* Zhongshan Torch High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Demographics

Guangdong officially became the List of People's Republic of China administrative divisions by population, most populous province in 2005. Official statistics had traditionally placed Guangdong as the fourth-most populous province of China with about 80 million people, though an influx of migrants, temporary workers, and newly settled individuals numbered around 30 million. The massive influx of migrants from other provinces, dubbed the "floating population", is due to Guangdong's booming economy and high demand for labor. If Guangdong were an independent nation, it would rank among the List of countries and dependencies by population, twelfth largest countries of the world by population.

Urbanization

In 2021, Guangdong's population is 74.6% urban and 25.4% rural.

Genealogy

Guangdong is the ancestral home of large numbers of overseas Chinese. Most of the railroad laborers in Canada, the Western United States and Panama in the 19th century came from Guangdong, especially the Siyi area. Many people from the region also traveled to California and other parts of the United States during the California Gold Rush, gold rush of 1849, and also to Colonial Australia, Australia during its Australian gold rushes, gold rush a decade or so later.

Languages and ethnicities

The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese, though the Han population is so diverse that the province has been called the "treasure trove of regional languages" (). Within the Han Chinese, the largest subgroup in Guangdong are the Cantonese people, with significant Hakka people, Hakka and Teochew people, Teoswa populations east of the Pearl River Delta. Guangdong is also home to small Yao people, Mien, She people, She, Hmong people, Hmong, Li Chinese, Li, and Zhuang people, Zhuang minorities.

Yue Chinese

Guangdong is the traditional heartland of Yue Chinese ( zh, t=粵語, s=粤语, p=yuèyǔ, j=jyut⁶ jyu⁵), which has a high degree of internal diversity. The vast majority of these speakers live at or west the Pearl River Delta. A total of Yue Chinese speakers live in Guangdong.

Cantonese and other Yue varieties spoken at the delta such as Weitou dialect, Waitaunese and Shiqi dialect, Shiqi Yue make up the greatest number of speakers, numbering at around speakers. Due to the large overseas population and cultural impact of Cantopop and Cantonese television shows, Cantonese is a well-known variety of Chinese throughout the world.

Siyi Yue, Siyi or Szeyap Yue, including Hoisanese, is spoken in much of Jiangmen prefecture, numbering at around speakers. Siyi was once the representative variety of Chinese in many Chinese American communities.

Hakka Chinese

The highlands of the Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong tripoint are the traditional heartland of the Hakka Chinese ( zh, s=客家话, t=客家話, p=kèjiāhuà, j=haak³ gaa¹ waa^6-2; Meizhou dialect, Moiyenese: ''hag⁵ ga¹ fa⁴'')-speaking people, and Meizhou is often dubbed the capital of Hakka culture. Downhill Hakka migrations started in the early modern period, and due to them being newcomers to the lowlands, they were dubbed "guest families" by the original inhabitants (the Puntis). There are around Neo-Hakka speakers in Guangdong, of which live significantly west of the traditional Hakka area.

Min Chinese

Teoswa or Chaoshan Min ( zh, t=潮汕話, s=潮汕话, p=cháoshànhuà, j=ciu⁴ saan³ waa^6-2; Peng'im: ''diê⁵ suan¹ uê⁷'') is spoken primarily in the Chaoshan area, that is to say, Chaozhou, Jieyang, Shantou, and Shanwei prefectures, by around speakers. It is a Southern Min branch, but has little mutual intelligibility with Hokkien.

Leizhou Min ( zh, t=黎話, s=黎话, p=líhuà, j=leoi⁴ waa^6-2; Leizhounese: []) is spoken primarily in the Leizhou peninsula of Zhanjiang prefecture by around speakers. It is closely related to Hainanese.

Other Chinese

Around speakers of Shaozhou Tuhua live in small communities in Shaoguan prefecture, typically surrounded by Hakka speakers. These varieties have been observed to be similar to Hakka, and have been dubbed "Paleo-Hakka" by, for instance, W. South Coblin.

There are also around Southwestern Mandarin speakers in Guangdong, with around half of them being remnants of Northern ''juntun'' [:zh:軍屯, zh] that date back to the Ming dynasty. These communities largely live in small villages in coastal eastern Guangdong in places such as Haifeng and Huidong County, Guangdong, Huidong counties. The other half live in parts of Lechang close to Hunan province, which explains the Mandarin language they use.

Gender ratio

Guangdong has a highly unbalanced gender ratio that is among the highest of all provinces in China. According to a 2009 study published in The BMJ, ''The British Medical Journal'', in the 1–4 age group, there are over 130 boys for every 100 girls.

Religion

According to a 2012 survey only around 7% of the population of Guangdong belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhism in China, Buddhists with 6.2%, followed by Protestantism in China, Protestants with 1.8% and Catholicism in China, Catholics with 1.2%. Around 90% of the population is either irreligious or may be involved in Chinese folk religion worshipping Shen (Chinese religion), nature gods, ancestral deities, Chinese salvationist religions, popular sects, Taoism, Taoist traditions, Chinese Buddhism, Buddhist religious traditions & Ruism, Confucian religious traditions.

According to a survey conducted in 2007, 43.71% of the population believes and is involved in Chinese ancestral religion, ancestor veneration, the traditional Chinese religion of the lineages organised into lineage churches and ancestral shrines.

Politics

Like all Politics of China, governing institutions in mainland China, Guangdong has a parallel party-government system, in which the Party Secretary of Guangdong, CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee Secretary outranks the Governor of Guangdong, Governor. The Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and has control over the Guangdong Provincial People's Government.

Law enforcement and emergency services

Provincial law enforcement in Guangdong is provided by the Guangdong Public Security Department, Guangdong Provincial Public Security Department. The provides paramilitary law enforcement and disaster relief in the province while the provides firefighting and rescue services in the province.

The primary domestic intelligence and security agency in Guangdong is the Guangdong State Security Department, Guangdong Provincial state security department.

Corrections facilities in Guangdong are managed by the Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau.

Dissent

According to Freedom House's China Dissent Monitor, Guangdong accounted for 17% of dissent events in the first quarter of 2024 – over 100 events despite heavy Censorship in China. In 2024, Freedom House rated China as below zero on political rights (−2 out of 40).

Relations with Hong Kong and Macau

Hong Kong and Macau, while historically parts of Guangdong before becoming colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal, respectively, are Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, special administrative regions (SARs). Furthermore, the Basic Laws of both SARs explicitly forbid Provinces of China, provincial governments from intervening in local politics. As a result, many issues with Hong Kong and Macau, such as border policy and water rights, have been settled by negotiations between the SARs' governments and the Government of Guangdong, Guangdong provincial government.

Media

Guangdong and the greater Guangzhou area are served by several Radio Guangdong stations, Guangdong Television, Southern Television Guangdong, Shenzhen Television, and Guangzhou Television. There is an English programme produced by Radio Guangdong which broadcasts information about this region to the entire world through the WRN Broadcast.

Culture

The central region, which is also the political and economic center, is populated predominantly by Yue Chinese speakers, though the influx in the last three decades of millions of Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin-speaking immigrants has slightly diminished Cantonese linguistic dominance. This region is associated with Cantonese cuisine. Dim sum, Dim Sum is one famous example of Cantonese cuisine, dividing Cantonese food into small portions and served with small dishes. Cantonese opera is a form of Chinese opera popular in Cantonese speaking areas. Related Yue dialects are spoken in most of the western half of the province.

The area comprising the cities of Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang in coastal east Guangdong, known as Chaoshan, forms its own cultural sphere. The Teochew people here, along with Hailufeng dialect, Hailufeng Min people in Shanwei, speak Hokkien, which is a Min Chinese, Min dialect closely related to mainstream Hokkien, Southern Min (Hokkien) and their cuisine is Chiuchow cuisine, Teochew cuisine. Teochew opera is also well-known and has a unique form.

The Hakka people live in large areas of Guangdong, including Huizhou, Meizhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Shaoguan and other areas. Much of the Eastern part of Guangdong is populated by the Hakka people except for the Chaozhou and Hailufeng area. Hakka culture include Hakka cuisine, Han opera ( zh, s=汉剧 , t=漢劇), Hakka ''Hanyue'' and ''sixian'' (traditional instrumental music) and Hakka folk songs ().

The outcast Tanka people traditionally live on boats throughout the coasts and rivers of Guangdong and much of Southern China.

Zhanjiang in southern Guangdong is dominated by the Leizhou Min, Leizhou dialect, a variety of Min language, Minnan; Cantonese and Hakka are also spoken there.

Mandarin is the language used in education and government and in areas where there are migrants from other provinces, above all in Shenzhen. Cantonese maintains a strong and dominant position in common usage and media, even in eastern areas of the province where the local languages and dialects are non-Yue ones.

Guangdong Province is notable for being the birthplace of many famous Xiangqi (Chinese chess) grandmasters such as Lü Qin, Yang Guanli, Cai Furu and Xu Yinchuan.

Education and research

As of 2022, Guangdong hosts 160 institutions of higher education, ranking first in South Central China region and 2nd among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu (168). Guangdong is also the seat of 14 adult higher education institutions. Many universities and colleges are located in major cities like Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong, hosts 83 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 1st in South China region and 2nd (tie) nationwide after Beijing. Guangdong Province Department of Education is the department of the provincial government that oversees education.

As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top List of cities by scientific output, 20 cities in the world (Guangzhou 8th and Shenzhen 19th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.

Colleges and universities

National / Double First-Class

*

Provincial

* Dongguan Institute of Technology
* Dongguan University of Technology
* Foshan University
* Guangdong Education and Research Network
* Guangdong General Hospital
* Guangdong Institute of Education
* Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology
* Guangdong Medical College
* Guangdong Ocean University
* Guangdong Petrochemical Academy
* Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
* Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University
* Guangdong Radio and TV University
* Guangdong University of Finance & Economics
* Guangdong University of Finance
* Guangdong University of Technology
* Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
* Guangzhou Education College
* Guangzhou Normal University
* Guangzhou Sports University
* Guangzhou University
* Hanshan Teachers College
* Huizhou University
* Panyu Polytechnic
* Shaoguan University
* Shenzhen Party School
* Shantou University
* Shenzhen University
* Shenzhen Technology University
* Shenzhen Polytechnic
* Shunde University
* Southern Medical University
* Wuyi University (Guangdong), Wuyi University
* Xijiang University
* Xinghai Conservatory of Music
* Zhanjiang Normal University
* Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
* Zhaoqing University

Sports

List of current professional team sport, sports based in Guangdong:

Tourism

Notable attractions include Danxia Mountain in Shaoguan, Yuexiu Hill, Baiyun Mountain (Guangdong), Baiyun Mountain in Guangzhou, Star Lake (Zhaoqing), Star Lake and the Seven Star Crags, Dinghu Mountain in Zhaoqing, the Huangmanzhai waterfalls in Jieyang, and the Zhongshan Park, Zhongshan Sun Wen Memorial Park for Sun Yat-sen in Zhongshan. In Shenzhen, there are Window of the World, Tencent, Tencent Building, Happy Valley theme park, Rose Beach, Xiaomeisha Beach, etc.

Administrative divisions

Guangdong is divided into twenty-one prefecture-level divisions: all Prefecture-level city, prefecture-level cities (including two Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China, sub-provincial cities):

}
! rowspan=2 , Population 2020
! rowspan=2 , Seat
! colspan=4 , Divisions
, - style="width:45px;"
! District (China), Districts
! Counties of the People's Republic of China, Counties
! Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China, Aut. counties
! County-level city, CL cities
, - style="font-weight: bold"
! 440000 !! Guangdong Province
, 179,800.00 , , 126,012,510 , , Guangzhou city , , 65 , , 34 , , 3 , , 20
, - style="background:#98fb98;"
! 440100 !! Guangzhou city
, 7,434.40 , , 18,676,605 , , Yuexiu District , , 11 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 440200 !! Shaoguan city
, 18,412.53 , , 2,855,131 , , Zhenjiang District , , 3 , , 4 , , 1 , , 2
, - style="background:#98fb98;"
! 440300 !! Shenzhen city
, 1,996.78 , , 17,560,061 , , Futian District , , 9* , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 440400 !! Zhuhai city
, 1,724.32 , , 2,439,585 , , Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Xiangzhou District , , 3 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 440500 !! Shantou city
, 2,248.39 , , 5,502,031 , , Jinping District , , 6 , , 1 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 440600 !! Foshan city
, 3,848.49 , , 9,498,863 , , Chancheng District , , 5 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 440700 !! Jiangmen city
, 9,505.42 , , 4,798,090 , , Pengjiang District , , 3 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , 4
, -
! 440800 !! Zhanjiang city
, 13,225.44 , , 6,981,236 , , Chikan District , , 4 , , 2 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 3
, -
! 440900 !! Maoming city
, 11,424.8 , , 6,174,050 , , Maonan District , , 2 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , 3
, -
! 441200 !! Zhaoqing city
, 14,891.23 , , 4,113,594 , , Duanzhou District , , 3 , , 4 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 1
, -
! 441300 !! Huizhou city
, 11,342.98 , , 6,042,852 , , Huicheng District , , 2 , , 3 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 441400 !! Meizhou city
, 15,864.51 , , 3,873,239 , , Meijiang District , , 2 , , 5 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 1
, -
! 441500 !! Shanwei city
, 4,861.79 , , 2,672,819 , , Chengqu, Shanwei, Cheng District , , 1 , , 2 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 1
, -
! 441600 !! Heyuan city
, 15,653.63 , , 2,837,686 , , Yuancheng District , , 1 , , 5 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 441700 !! Yangjiang city
, 7,955.27 , , 2,602,959 , , Jiangcheng District , , 2 , , 1 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 1
, -
! 441800 !! Qingyuan city
, 19,152.90 , , 3,969,473 , , Qingcheng District , , 2 , , 2 , , 2 , , 2
, -
! 441900 !! Dongguan city**
, 2,465.00 , , 10,466,625 , , Nancheng Subdistrict, Dongguan, ''Nancheng Subdistrict'' , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 442000 !! Zhongshan city**
, 1,783.67 , , 4,418,060 , , ''Dongqu Subdistrict'' , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 445100 !! Chaozhou city
, 3,145.89 , , 2,568,387 , , Xiangqiao District , , 2 , , 1 , , style="background:gray;" , , , style="background:gray;" ,
, -
! 445200 !! Jieyang city
, 5,265.38 , , 5,577,814 , , Rongcheng District , , 2 , , 2 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 1
, -
! 445300 !! Yunfu city
, 7,779.12 , , 2,383,350 , , Yuncheng District , , 2 , , 2 , , style="background:gray;" , , , 1
, - class="sortbottom"
, colspan=12 ,
* – not including the new districts which are not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count)

** – direct-piped cities – does not contain any county-level divisions

The twenty-one Prefectures of the People's Republic of China, Prefecture of Guangdong are subdivided into 122 county-level divisions (65 District of China, districts, 20 county-level cities, 34 County (People's Republic of China), counties, and 3 Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China, autonomous counties). For county-level divisions, see the list of administrative divisions of Guangdong.

Urban areas

International relations

Guangdong is twinned with:
* Aichi Prefecture, Japan
* Hawaii, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
* New South Wales, Australia
*Gujarat, India
* California, United States of America

See also

* Major national historical and cultural sites (Guangdong), Major national historical and cultural sites in Guangdong

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Economic profile for Guangdong
at the Hong Kong Trade Development Council

External links

*

Guangdong provincial government official website


Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces
from 1821 to 1850

Pictures and comments about life in Guangdong

{{Authority control

Guangdong,
South China, .
Gulf of Tonkin
Pearl River Delta
Provinces of the People's Republic of China