The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a 20th century American producer of military and civilian

aircraft An aircraft ( aircraft) is a vehicle that is able to flight, fly by gaining support from the Atmosphere of Earth, air. It counters the force of gravity by using either Buoyancy, static lift or the Lift (force), dynamic lift of an airfoil, or, i ...

. Founded on December 6, 1929, by

Leroy Grumman Leroy Randle "Roy" Grumman (4 January 1895 – 4 October 1982) was an American aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and industrialist. In 1929, he co-founded Grumman Aircraft Engineering Co., later renamed Grumman Aerospace Corporation, and no ...

and his business partners, it merged in 1994 with

Northrop Corporation Northrop Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1939 until its 1994 merger with Grumman to form Northrop Grumman. The company is known for its development of the flying wing design, most successfully the B-2 Spiri ...

to form

Northrop Grumman Northrop Grumman Corporation is an American multinational Aerospace manufacturer, aerospace and Arms industry, defense company. With 97,000 employees and an annual revenue in excess of $40 billion, it is one of the world's largest Arms industry ...

History

worked for the Loening Aircraft Engineering Corporation beginning in 1920. In 1929,

Keystone Aircraft Corporation Keystone Aircraft Corporation was an early American airplane manufacturer. History Headquartered in Bristol, Pennsylvania, the company was formed as "Ogdensburg Aeroway Corp" in 1920 by Thomas Huff and Elliot Daland, but its name was quickly ...

bought Loening Aircraft and moved its operations from

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

Bristol, Pennsylvania Bristol is a borough (Pennsylvania), borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located northeast of Center City, Philadelphia, Center City in Philadelphia opposite Burlington, New Jersey, on the Delaware River. Bristol was s ...

. Grumman and three other ex-Loening Aircraft employees,Jordan, Corey C
"Grumman's Ascendency: Chapter One."
''Planes and Pilots Of World War 2,'' 2000. Retrieved: July 22, 2011. (

Edmund Ward Poor Edmund Ward Poor (1904–1966) was a co-founder of the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, serving as its treasurer and director. He was a wealthy accountant working as treasurer for the aviation pioneers Grover and Albert Loening who had ...

, William Schwendler, and

Jake Swirbul Leon Albert "Jake" "The Bullfrog" Swirbul (March 18, 1898 – June 28, 1960), was an aviation pioneer and co-founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation. Biography Swirbul was born in the Yorkville section of Manhattan. His parents Frede ...

) started their own company in an old

Cox-Klemin The Cox-Klemin Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Long Island, New York in the 1920s. History It was founded by Charles Cox and Alexander Klemin (a professor at New York University) in College Point, New York. Th ...

Aircraft Co. factory in

Baldwin Baldwin may refer to: People * Baldwin (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the surname Places Canada * Baldwin, York Regional Municipality, Ontario * Baldwin, Ontario, in Sudbury District * Baldwin's Mills, ...

Long Island Long Island is a densely populated continental island in southeastern New York (state), New York state, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. It constitutes a significant share of the New York metropolitan area in both population and land are ...

, New York. The company registered as a business on December 6, 1929, and officially opened on January 2, 1930. While maintaining the business by welding aluminum tubing for truck frames, the company eagerly pursued contracts with the

US Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...

. Grumman designed the first practical floats with a retractable landing gear for the Navy, and this launched Grumman into the aviation market. The first Grumman aircraft was also for the Navy, the

Grumman FF-1 The Grumman FF "Fifi" (company designation G-5) is an American biplane fighter aircraft operated by the United States Navy during the 1930s.Eden and Moeng 2002, p. 762. It was the first carrier aircraft with retractable landing gear.Winchester 2 ...

, a

biplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation. While ...

with retractable

landing gear Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft that is used for taxiing, takeoff or landing. For aircraft, it is generally needed for all three of these. It was also formerly called ''alighting gear'' by some manufacturers, s ...

developed at Curtiss Field in 1931. This was followed by a number of other successful designs. During

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, Grumman became known for its "Cats" (Navy

fighter aircraft Fighter aircraft (early on also ''pursuit aircraft'') are military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish air supremacy, air superiority of the battlespace. Domina ...

): the

F4F Wildcat The Grumman F4F Wildcat is an American Carrier-based aircraft, carrier-based fighter aircraft that entered service in 1940 with the United States Navy, and the British Royal Navy where it was initially known as the Martlet. First used by the B ...

and

F6F Hellcat The Grumman F6F Hellcat is an American carrier-based fighter aircraft of World War II. Designed to replace the earlier F4F Wildcat and to counter the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero, it was the United States Navy's dominant fighter in the second ...

, the

Grumman F7F Tigercat The Grumman F7F Tigercat is a heavy fighter aircraft that served with the United States Navy (USN) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) from late in World War II until 1954. It was the first twin-engine fighter to be deployed by the USN. While ...

and Grumman F8F Bearcat, and also for its torpedo bomber, the Grumman TBF Avenger. Grumman ranked 22nd among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. Production of the majority of the Wildcats and Avenger was subcontracted to a purposely established division of General Motors : the Eastern Aircraft Division. Grumman's first jet aircraft was the Grumman F9F Panther, F9F Panther; it was followed by the upgraded Grumman F-9 Cougar, F9F/F-9 Cougar, and the Grumman F-11 Tiger, F-11 Tiger in the 1950s. The company's big postwar successes came in the 1960s with the Grumman A-6 Intruder, A-6 Intruder and Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, E-2 Hawkeye and in the 1970s with the Grumman EA-6B Prowler and Grumman F-14 Tomcat, F-14 Tomcat. Grumman products were prominent in several feature movies including ''The Final Countdown (film), The Final Countdown'' in 1980, ''Top Gun'' in 1986, and ''Flight of the Intruder'' in 1990. The U.S. Navy still employs the Hawkeye as part of Carrier Air Wings on board aircraft carriers, while the U.S. Marine Corps, the last branch of service to fly the Prowler, retired it on March 8, 2019. Lunar Module diagram

Grumman was the chief contractor on the Apollo Lunar Module, the first spacecraft to land humans on the Moon. The firm received the contract on November 7, 1962, and built 13 lunar modules. Six of them successfully landed on the Moon, with one serving as a lifeboat on Apollo 13, after an explosion crippled the main Apollo spacecraft. LM-2, a test article which never flew in space, is displayed permanently in the Smithsonian Institution. As the Apollo program neared its end, Grumman was one of the main competitors for the contract to design and build the Space Shuttle, but lost to Rockwell International. In 1969, the company changed its name to Grumman Aerospace Corporation, and in 1978 it sold the Grumman-American Division to Gulfstream Aerospace. That same year, it acquired the bus manufacturer Flxible. The company built the Grumman LLV (Long Life Vehicle), a light transport mail truck designed for and used by the United States Postal Service. The LLV was produced from 1987 until 1994. Its intended service life was 24 years, but some of them were still in service in 2020. In 1983, Grumman sold Flxible for $40 million to General Automotive Corporation of Ann Arbor. In the 1950s, Grumman began production of Gulfstream Aerospace, Gulfstream business aircraft, starting with the Gulfstream I turboprop (Grumman model G-159) and the Gulfstream II jet (Grumman model G-1159). Gulfstream aircraft were operated by many companies, private individuals, and government agencies including various military entities and NASA. In addition, the Gulfstream I was operated by several regional airlines in scheduled passenger services. The Grumman Gulfstream I, Gulfstream I-C (Grumman model G-159C) version was "stretched" to carry 37 passengers. In the early 1970s, Grumman acquired majority interest in the American Aviation line of very light aircraft -- relabeling its planes as "Grumman-American" or "Grumman American" -- eventually joining it with their Gulfstream division before selling off that combined enterprise in 1978. In 1978, Grumman sold Gulfstream to American Jet Industries, which adopted the Gulfstream name. Since 1999, Gulfstream has been a wholly owned subsidiary of General Dynamics.

Long Island locations

For much of the Cold War period, Grumman was the largest corporate employer on

. Grumman's products were considered so reliable and ruggedly built that the company was often referred to as the "Grumman Iron Works". As the company grew, it moved to Valley Stream, New York, then Farmingdale, New York, finally to Grumman Bethpage Airport, its facility in Bethpage, New York, with the testing and final assembly at the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Calverton, Naval Weapons Station in Calverton, New York, all located on Long Island. At its peak in 1986 it employed 23,000 people on Long Island and occupied in structures on it leased from the U.S. Navy in Bethpage. The end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990s reduced defense spending and led to a wave of mergers as aerospace companies shrank in number; in 1994 Northrop Corporation, Northrop bought Grumman for $2.1 billion to form

, after Northrop topped a $1.9 billion offer from Martin Marietta. The new company closed almost all of its facilities on Long Island and converted the Bethpage plant to a residential and office complex, with its headquarters becoming the corporate headquarters for Cablevision and the Calverton plant being turned into a business/industrial complex. Former aircraft hangars have become Grumman Studios, a film and television production center. A portion of the airport property has been used for the Grumman Memorial Park.

Products

Aircraft

Projects

* Grumman 674 Nutcracker tilting fuselage VTOL * Grumman 698 VTOL * Grumman G-3 project only * Grumman G-4 project only * Grumman G-17 project only * Grumman G-25 project only * Grumman G-27 project only * Grumman G-29 project only * Grumman G-30 project only * Grumman G-35 project only * Grumman G-48 project only * Grumman G-49 project only * Grumman G-57 project only * Grumman G-62 project only * Grumman G-68 project only * Grumman G-71 project only * Grumman G-76 project only * Grumman G-77 swept-back wing research aircraft project * Grumman G-78 towed target glider project * Grumman G-84 project only * Grumman G-85 project only * Grumman G-86 project only * Grumman G-91 project only * Grumman G-92 project only * Grumman G-97 project only * Grumman G-107 project only * Grumman G-108 project only * Grumman G-110 project only * Grumman G-113 project only * Grumman G-114 * Grumman G-115 * Grumman G-116 project only * Grumman G-118 project only * Grumman G-119 project only * Grumman G-122 project only * Grumman G-124 jet trainer design * Grumman G-127 * Grumman G-132 * Grumman XTB2F * Grumman XTSF

Spacecraft

* Space ** Apollo Lunar Module ** Grumman 619 Space Shuttle

Other products

* Grumman manufactured fire engines under the name Firecat (not to be confused with the firefighting variant of the Grumman S-2 Tracker, which is sold under the same name) and Fire engine#Aerial platform, aerial tower trucks under the Aerialcat name. The company entered the fire apparatus business in 1976 with its purchase of Howe Fire Apparatus. * Grumman canoes were developed in 1944 as World War II was winding down. Company executive William Hoffman used the company's aircraft aluminum to replace the traditional wood design. The canoes had a reputation for being sturdier, lighter and stronger than their wood counterparts and had a considerable market share. Grumman moved its boat making division to Marathon (town), New York, Marathon, New York in 1952. : Outboard Marine Corp. bought the division in 1990 and produced the last Grumman-brand canoe in 1996. Shortly thereafter former Grumman executives formed the Marathon Boat Group to produce the canoes. In 2000 the Group worked out an agreement with Northrop Grumman to sell the canoes using Grumman name and logo. * Grumman sport boat * Flxible Metro, Grumman-Flxible 870 transit buses (1978–1982) * Ben Franklin (PX-15), a science submarine * Grumman LLV postal vehicle widely used by the United States Postal Service and Canada Post * In honor of Grumman's aviation and aerospace inventions, a Grumman Memorial Park was established in Calverton, New York.

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

* Ferguson, Robert G. "One Thousand Planes a Day: Ford, Grumman, General Motors and the Arsenal of Democracy." ''History and Technology'', Volume 21, Issue 2, 2005. * Fetherston, Drew
"Pioneers on the Runway: Raising Grumman."
''LI History.com'', Grumman Park. Retrieved: March 18, 2009. * Kessler, Pamela. "Leroy Grumman, Sky King." ''The Washington Post (Weekend)'', October 11, 1985. * O'Leary, Michael, ed. "Leroy Grumman." ''Air Classics'', Volume 19, no. 2, February 1983, pp. 27–29. * Skurla, George M. and William H. Gregory. ''Inside the Iron Works: How Grumman's Glory Days Faded''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. . * Tillman, Barrett. ''Hellcat: The F6F in World War II''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001. . * Thruelsen, Richard. ''The Grumman Story''. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. . * Treadwell, Terry. ''Ironworks: Grumman's Fighting Aeroplanes''. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishers, 1990. .

External links

''International Directory of Company Histories'', Vol. 11. St. James Press, 1995 (via fundinguniverse.com)

WW2DB: Grumman aircraft of WW2

1994 Aerial photograph of Bethpage Headquarters
including intact runways
Grumman Firecat on multimedia gallery

Archived 2007 ''Newsday'' article on decline of Grumman
{{Use mdy dates, date=April 2012 Aerospace companies of the United States Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States Manufacturing companies based in New York (state) Companies based in Nassau County, New York Manufacturing companies established in 1929 Technology companies established in 1929 Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1929 Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1994 Technology companies disestablished in 1994 Airports in Nassau County, New York Defunct technology companies based in New York (state)