The ''Groupe du musée de l'Homme'' ( French for 'Group of the Museum of Man') was a movement in the

French resistance The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...

to the

German occupation German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly occupied and civil-occupied (including puppet governments) by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 193 ...

during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. In July 1940, after the

Appeal of 18 June The Appeal of 18 June (french: L'Appel du 18 juin) was the first speech made by Charles de Gaulle after his arrival in London in 1940 following the Battle of France. Broadcast to Vichy France by the radio services of the British Broadcasting ...

from Charles de Gaulle, a resistance group was created by

intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator o ...

s and

academic An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, f ...

s led by Anatole Lewitsky and Boris Vildé, along with Paul Hauet. They were not Gaullists; since they were prisoners of war (Vildé escaped on 5 July and Lewitsky was freed in August), it is highly improbable that they had heard de Gaulle's broadcast. However, once Gaullist propaganda took hold, with its message of escape from dishonour, the group fell in with it. Germaine Tillion said, "I do not remember from what date we started to call ourselves Gaullists: it was not at the beginning at any rate. But we did consider General de Gaulle to be right, or at least to be a man who thought as we did. But we knew nothing about him". They were joined by other groups in September.

Raymond Burgard Raymond Burgard (15 September 1892 in Troyes – 15 June 1944 in Cologne) was a French Resistance worker. Life Alsatian in origin, he graduated in grammar in 1928. In September 1937, he was made literature professor at lycée Buffon in Paris. ...

René Iché René Iché (21 January 1897 – 23 December 1954) was a 20th-century French sculptor. Life and work René Iché was born in Sallèles-d'Aude, France. He fought in World War I, where he was injured and gassed. After the war, he earned a degre ...

, Claude Aveline, Marcel Abraham,

Jean Cassou Jean Cassou (9 July 1897 – 15 January 1986) was a French writer, art critic, poet, member of the French Resistance during World War II and the first Director of the Musée national d'Art moderne in Paris. Biography Jean Cassou was born at Bi ...

(who launched the newspaper ''Résistance''), René-Yves Creston, Germaine Tillion and her mother, Émilie Tillion, were also part of the network. To prevent their meetings from attracting the attention of the Germans and the French police, they set up a "literary society", ''Les amis d'

Alain-Fournier Alain-Fournier () was the pseudonym of Henri-Alban Fournier (3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914Mémoi ...

'' (The Friends of Alain-Fournier).

Members of the group

* Marcel Abraham * Jules Andrieu, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien,

Suresnes Suresnes () is a Communes of France, commune in the western suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. Located in Hauts-de-Seine, from the centre of Paris, it had a population of 49,145 as of 2016. The nearest communes are Nanterre, Puteaux, Rueil-Malmais ...

) * Claude Aveline (1901–1992) *

Jean Blanzat Jean Blanzat (6 January 1906, Domps, Haute-Vienne Haute-Vienne (; oc, Nauta Vinhana, ; English: Upper Vienne) is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwest-central France. Named after the Vienne River, it is one of the twelve dep ...

* Jacqueline Bordelet * Pierre Brossolette, (1903- died in detention in 1944 / 22.3.1944) *

, beheaded in 1944 (in

Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...

Köln Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 million ...

), also a member of the Combat Zone North *Jean-Paul Carrier * *

, launched the newspaper ''Résistance'' (1897–1986) * René-Yves Creston, ethnologist and Breton nationalist *Christiane Desroches Noblecourt * Colette Duval (Colette Vivier) * Jean Duval * René-Georges Étienne *Valentin Feldman * Marcel Fleisser (-1945) * Jeanne Goupille * Jean Hamburger * Colonel Paul Hauet, co-founder of the network, died during deportation / died in the KZ Neuengamme * Daniel Héricault *

Agnès Humbert Agnès Humbert (12 October 1894 – 19 September 1963) was an art historian, ethnographer and a member of the French Resistance during World War II. She has become well known through the publication of a translation of the diary of her experience ...

, deported *

* Georges Ithier, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien,

) * Jean Jaudel (1910–2006) *

Albert Jubineau Albert may refer to: Companies * Albert (supermarket), a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic * Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands * Albert Market, a street market in The Gambia * Albert Productions, a record label * Alber ...

*( Colonel) Charles de La Rochère died in Sonnenburg * (Comte) Jehan de Launoy * Michel Leiris *

Sylvette Leleu ''Sylvette'' is a large concrete sculpture created by Pablo Picasso and the Norwegian artist Carl Nesjar, which was erected in the city of Rotterdam in 1970. It is located on the corner of Westersingel next to the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen ...

*Renée Lévy * Anatole Lewitsky, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes), adjunct to Vildé *Suzanne Lhuillier * Éveline Lot-Falck * (Capitain) Ernest Massip * Marie-Josette Massip * Thérèse Massip * Jaques Monod * Léon Maurice Nordmann, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) * Yvonne Oddon *

Jean Paulhan Jean Paulhan (2 December 1884 – 9 October 1968) was a French writer, literary critic and publisher, director of the literary magazine ''Nouvelle Revue Française'' (NRF) from 1925 to 1940 and from 1946 to 1968. He was a member (Seat 6, 1963–68 ...

*Maguy Perrier *Germaine Quoniam *

Paul Rivet Paul Rivet (7 May 1876, Wasigny, Ardennes – 21 March 1958) was a French ethnologist known for founding the Musée de l'Homme in 1937. In his professional work, Rivet is known for his theory that South America was originally populated in p ...

* René Sanson *

Colette Sanson Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (; 28 January 1873 – 3 August 1954), known Mononymous person, mononymously as Colette, was a French author and woman of letters. She was also a Mime artist, mime, actress, and journalist. Colette is best known in the ...

* René Sénéchal, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *

Alice Simmonet Alice may refer to: * Alice (name), most often a feminine given name, but also used as a surname Literature * Alice (''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''), a character in books by Lewis Carroll * ''Alice'' series, children's and teen books by ...

* Henri Simmonet * Emilie Tillion, died while being deported to Ravensbrück in 1945 * Germaine Tillion, head of the adjunct network around Hauet with the rank of ''commandant'' from 1941 to 1942, deported to Ravensbrück * Boris Vildé, co-founder and leader of the network, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *

Pierre Walter Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *Henri Waquet * André Weil-Curriel *

Therese de Liniers Therese or Thérèse is a variant of the feminine given name Teresa. It may refer to: Persons Therese * Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1773–1839), member of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and a Duchess of Mecklenburg *Therese of ...

? *Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz ?

References

Bibliography

* AERI, ''La Résistance en Ile de France'', DVD-Rom, 2004 (fiches

, Germaine Tillion). * Martin Blumenson, ''Le Réseau du Musée de l'Homme'', Éditions Le Seuil, Paris, 1979. * Sean Carroll, ''Brave Genius: A Scientist, A Philosopher, and their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize'', Crown Publishers, New York, 2013. * Agnès Humbert, ''Résistance: A Woman's Journal of Struggle and Defiance in Occupied France'', translated by Barbara Mellor, Bloomsbury, New York, 2008. * Alan Riding, ''And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2010 (chapter six, "Resistance as an Idea," on the musée de l'Homme group).

External links (French)

Le musée de l'Homme on the site ''Chemins de Mémoire''

L'histoire du réseau du musée de l'Homme

Site du musée Boris Vildé
{{DEFAULTSORT:Groupe Du Musee De L'Homme French Resistance networks and movements 1940 establishments in France Organizations established in 1940