Grimmia dissimulata habit dry 2009-01-29

''Grimmia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular plant, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic phylum, division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Wilhelm Philippe Schimper, Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryo ...

es, originally named by

Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (4 November 1742, Holderbank, Aargau – 26 June 1795) was a German botanist, a pupil of Carl Linnaeus at Uppsala University, and later director of the Botanical Garden of Hannover, where he produced several major botanical ...

in honour of

Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name '' Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning "Yahweh is Gracious" ...

, a

physician A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Med ...

and

botanist Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

from

Gotha Gotha () is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000. The city is the capital of the district of Gotha and was also a residence of the Ernestine Wettins from 1640 until the ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

Geographic distribution

Although predominantly occurring in the moderate zones, representatives of the

cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Internationalism * World citizen, one who eschews traditional geopolitical divisions derived from national citizenship * Cosmopolitanism, the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single moral community * Cosmopolitan ...

''Grimmia'' may be found in all parts of the world, from

Alaska Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii. Alaska is also considered to be the north ...

to the most southern point of

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...

, and from

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

, though in tropic regions, e.g.

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

and

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

, ''Grimmia'' species only occur high up in the mountains.

Identification

''Grimmia'' is a notoriously difficult genus in terms of

identification Identification or identify may refer to: *Identity document, any document used to verify a person's identity Arts, entertainment and media * ''Identify'' (album) by Got7, 2014 * "Identify" (song), by Natalie Imbruglia, 1999 * ''Identification ...

, and in the majority of

herbaria A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper (called ...

a considerable number of species was found misidentified. The

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, p ...

bryologist

Geneva Sayre Geneva Sayre (June 12, 1911, Guthrie Center, Iowa – May 26, 1992, Northhampton, Massachusetts) was an American bryologist and bibliographer. She "pioneered bibliographical and historical bryology, a new field in the study, evaluation, and org ...

(1911–1992), who worked for many years on a

monograph A monograph is generally a long-form work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, typically created by a single author or artist (or, sometimes, by two or more authors). Traditionally it is in written form and published a ...

of the North American ''Grimmias'', indicated in an original way these difficulties, as she said: "it contains an ambigua, a varia, a decipiens, a controversa, a revisa and at least two anomalas".

Publications

In the ''

Index Muscorum Index (: indexes or indices) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Index (''A Certain Magical Index''), a character in the light novel series ''A Certain Magical Index'' * The Index, an item on the Halo Array in the ...

'', the genus ''Grimmia'' is represented with 800 names of

published Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

. As since Loeske (1930), no revision of the

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

an species had been carried out. The

Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...

bryologist H. C. Greven started in 1990 with ''Grimmia''

fieldwork Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct f ...

and a revision of the ''Grimmia'' collections from important European herbaria. The results were published in "''Grimmia'' Hedw. (Grimmiaceae, Musci) in Europe". After examining the ''Grimmia'' collections from herbaria in North- and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

and

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

, and about 50 ''Grimmia'' collecting trips in all

continents A continent is any of several large geographical regions. Continents are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria. A continent could be a single large landmass, a part of a very large landmass, as in the case of As ...

, ''Grimmias of the World'' was published. An important contribution was the revision of ''Grimmia'' in North America. In the past decades, some more bryologists became interested in the genus ''Grimmia''. Jesús Muñoz published a herbaria revision of ''Grimmia'' in Latin America, and Maier studied herbarium specimens of ''Grimmia'' from the

Himalaya The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than 100 pea ...

Classification

The genus ''Grimmia'' contains the following species: *'' Grimmia abyssinica'' *'' Grimmia acuta'' *'' Grimmia afroincurva'' *'' Grimmia ahmadiana'' *'' Grimmia albida'' *'' Grimmia alpestris'' *'' Grimmia alpestris'' *'' Grimmia ambigua'' *'' Grimmia amblyophylla'' *'' Grimmia americana'' *'' Grimmia andina'' *''

Grimmia angustissima ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha (town), Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in ...

'' *'' Grimmia anodon'' *'' Grimmia anomala'' *'' Grimmia antipodum'' *'' Grimmia aquatica'' *'' Grimmia arctica'' *'' Grimmia arcuata'' *'' Grimmia arenaria'' *'' Grimmia argyrotricha'' *'' Grimmia arizonae'' *'' Grimmia atrata'' *'' Grimmia attenuata'' *'' Grimmia australis'' *'' Grimmia austrofunalis'' *''

Grimmia austroleucophaea ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia basaltica'' *'' Grimmia bicolor'' *'' Grimmia boliviana'' *'' Grimmia boschbergiana'' *'' Grimmia brachydictyon'' *'' Grimmia brachypus'' *'' Grimmia breviseta'' *'' Grimmia brittoniae'' *'' Grimmia browniana'' *'' Grimmia brownii'' *'' Grimmia caespiticia'' *'' Grimmia caffra'' *'' Grimmia calcarea'' *'' Grimmia calycina'' *'' Grimmia camonia'' *'' Grimmia campylotricha'' *'' Grimmia canariensis'' *'' Grimmia capillata'' *'' Grimmia chocayae'' *'' Grimmia chrysoneura'' *'' Grimmia chubutensis'' *'' Grimmia churchilliana'' *'' Grimmia cirrata'' *'' Grimmia coarctata'' *'' Grimmia compactula'' *'' Grimmia controversa'' *'' Grimmia crassifolia'' *'' Grimmia crassinervia'' *'' Grimmia cratericola'' *'' Grimmia crinita'' *'' Grimmia crinitoleucophaea'' *'' Grimmia crispata'' *'' Grimmia crispipila'' *'' Grimmia crispula'' *'' Grimmia cucullata'' *'' Grimmia cucullatifolia'' *'' Grimmia cupularis'' *'' Grimmia curviseta'' *'' Grimmia cyathocarpa'' *''

Grimmia cylindropyxis ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia daviesii'' *'' Grimmia decipiens'' *'' Grimmia defoliata'' *'' Grimmia depilis'' *'' Grimmia dissimulata'' *'' Grimmia donniana'' *'' Grimmia elatior'' *'' Grimmia elongata'' *'' Grimmia erythraea'' *'' Grimmia exquisita'' *'' Grimmia falcata'' *'' Grimmia fallax'' *'' Grimmia fascicularis'' *'' Grimmia filiformis'' *'' Grimmia fontana'' *'' Grimmia fontinaloides'' *'' Grimmia forsteri'' *'' Grimmia fulgens'' *'' Grimmia funalis'' *'' Grimmia fusca'' *'' Grimmia fuscescens'' *'' Grimmia fuscolutea'' *'' Grimmia gebhardii'' *'' Grimmia gigantea'' *'' Grimmia gracilis'' *'' Grimmia hamulosa'' *'' Grimmia handelii'' *'' Grimmia hartmanii'' *'' Grimmia herzogii'' *'' Grimmia heteromalla'' *'' Grimmia homomalla'' *'' Grimmia horrida'' *'' Grimmia humilis'' *'' Grimmia immergens'' *''

Grimmia immersoleucophaea ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia inclinata'' *''

Grimmia incrassicapsulis ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia incurva'' *'' Grimmia indica'' *''

Grimmia insolita ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate z ...

'' *'' Grimmia involucrata'' *''

Grimmia jan-mayensis ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia japonica'' *'' Grimmia julacea'' *'' Grimmia kansuana'' *'' Grimmia khasiana'' *'' Grimmia kidderi'' *'' Grimmia laevidens'' *'' Grimmia laevigata'' *'' Grimmia lamprocarpa'' *'' Grimmia lanceolata'' *'' Grimmia lanuginosa'' *'' Grimmia lawiana'' *'' Grimmia leibergii'' *'' Grimmia lesherae'' *'' Grimmia limbatula'' *'' Grimmia linearis'' *'' Grimmia lisae'' *'' Grimmia longicaulis'' *'' Grimmia longirostris'' *''

Grimmia macroperichaetialis ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate z ...

'' *'' Grimmia macrotheca'' *'' Grimmia macrotyla'' *'' Grimmia madagassa'' *'' Grimmia mairei'' *'' Grimmia malacophylla'' *'' Grimmia mammosa'' *'' Grimmia mariniana'' *'' Grimmia mauiensis'' *'' Grimmia maunakeaensis'' *''

Grimmia meridionalis ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia mexicana'' *'' Grimmia microcarpa'' *'' Grimmia microglobosa'' *'' Grimmia microodonta'' *'' Grimmia milleri'' *'' Grimmia minuta'' *'' Grimmia mixta'' *'' Grimmia molesta'' *'' Grimmia mollis'' *'' Grimmia montana'' *'' Grimmia moxleyi'' *''

Grimmia muehlenbeckii ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate z ...

'' *'' Grimmia muelleri'' *'' Grimmia mutica'' *'' Grimmia navicularis'' *'' Grimmia neilgiriensis'' *'' Grimmia nepalensis'' *'' Grimmia nevadensis'' *'' Grimmia nigrescens'' *'' Grimmia nigrita'' *'' Grimmia nivalis'' *'' Grimmia novae-zeelandiae'' *'' Grimmia nuda'' *'' Grimmia nutans'' *'' Grimmia obtusata'' *'' Grimmia obtusolinealis'' *'' Grimmia ochracea'' *'' Grimmia ochyriana'' *'' Grimmia olivacea'' *'' Grimmia olneyi'' *'' Grimmia oranica'' *'' Grimmia orbicularis'' *'' Grimmia orthotrichacea'' *'' Grimmia ovalis'' *'' Grimmia pachyloma'' *''

Grimmia pachyphylla ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha (town), Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in ...

'' *'' Grimmia paramattensis'' *'' Grimmia patagonica'' *'' Grimmia percarinata'' *'' Grimmia perichaetialis'' *'' Grimmia pflanzii'' *'' Grimmia pilifera'' *''

Grimmia pilosissima ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia pitardii'' *'' Grimmia plagiopodia'' *'' Grimmia pomiformis'' *'' Grimmia praemorsa'' *'' Grimmia procumbens'' *'' Grimmia protensum'' *'' Grimmia pseudoanodon'' *'' Grimmia pseudopatens'' *'' Grimmia pulla'' *''

Grimmia pulvinata ''Grimmia pulvinata'', otherwise known as grey-cushioned grimmia or pulvinate dry rock moss, is a bryophyte moss common in temperate climates worldwide. Characteristics ''Grimmia pulvinata'' grows in a small, cushion-like shape, around 1–2 ...

'' *'' Grimmia pulvinatula'' *'' Grimmia pusilla'' *'' Grimmia pycnotricha'' *'' Grimmia pygmaea'' *'' Grimmia ramondii'' *'' Grimmia ramulosa'' *'' Grimmia readeri'' *'' Grimmia recurvirostris'' *'' Grimmia reflexidens'' *'' Grimmia retracta'' *'' Grimmia richardii'' *'' Grimmia rigidissima'' *'' Grimmia robustifolia'' *'' Grimmia rupestris'' *'' Grimmia rupincola'' *'' Grimmia saxatilis'' *'' Grimmia saxicola'' *'' Grimmia scabripes'' *'' Grimmia schleicheri'' *'' Grimmia sciuroides'' *'' Grimmia scouleri'' *'' Grimmia serrana'' *''

Grimmia serratomucronata ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia sessitana'' *'' Grimmia shastai'' *''

Grimmia shevockii ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate z ...

'' *'' Grimmia squamatula'' *'' Grimmia starckeana'' *'' Grimmia stenobasis'' *'' Grimmia stenophylla'' *'' Grimmia stirlingii'' *'' Grimmia stolonifera'' *''

Grimmia streptophylla ''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses, originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany. Geographic distribution Although predominantly occurring in the moderate ...

'' *'' Grimmia subcallosa'' *'' Grimmia subconferta'' *'' Grimmia subleucophaea'' *'' Grimmia subpraemorsa'' *'' Grimmia subsecunda'' *'' Grimmia subtergestina'' *'' Grimmia sulcipila'' *'' Grimmia sundaica'' *'' Grimmia syntrichiacea'' *'' Grimmia tasmanica'' *'' Grimmia teretinervis'' *'' Grimmia tergestina'' *'' Grimmia tergestina'' *'' Grimmia texicana'' *'' Grimmia torenii'' *'' Grimmia torquata'' *'' Grimmia torreyana'' *'' Grimmia tortuosa'' *'' Grimmia trichodes'' *'' Grimmia trichophylla'' *'' Grimmia triformis'' *'' Grimmia trinervis'' *'' Grimmia tristicha'' *'' Grimmia tristichoides'' *'' Grimmia truncatoapocarpa'' *'' Grimmia tunariensis'' *'' Grimmia ungeri'' *'' Grimmia unicolor'' *'' Grimmia urceolaris'' *'' Grimmia urnulacea'' *'' Grimmia vaginulata'' *'' Grimmia verticillata'' *'' Grimmia verticillatula'' *'' Grimmia vulcanica'' *'' Grimmia williamsii'' *'' Grimmia wilsonii'' *'' Grimmia wrightii'' *'' Grimmia yaulensis''

Latest discovered species

In the past 15 years (1996 to 2010), the following ''Grimmia''

have been discovered and described: # '' Grimmia maido'' (Greven 1996) # ''

'' (Greven 1998) # '' Grimmia ochyriana'' (Muñoz 1998) # '' Grimmia wilsonii'' (Greven 1998) # '' Grimmia mexicana'' (Greven 1999) # '' Grimmia molesta'' (Muñoz 1999) # '' Grimmia indica'' (Goffinet & Greven 2000) # '' Grimmia dissimulata'' (Maier 2002b) # '' Grimmia nevadensis'' (Greven 2002) # '' Grimmia serrana'' (Muñoz, Shevock & Toren 2002) # '' Grimmia lesherae'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia mauiensis'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia maunakeaensis'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia shastae'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia milleri'' (Hastings & Greven 2007) # '' Grimmia torenii'' (Hastings 2008) # '' Grimmia texicana'' (Greven 2010)

References

Maier, E. 2009). Grimmia in Europa. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel. Herzogia 22: 229-302. Maier, E. (2010). The Genus Grimmia Hedw. (Grimmiaceae, Bryophyta): A Morphological-anatomical Study. Boissiera 63: 3-377

External links

Grimmias of the World
Online reference guide, including more than 2000 macro- and

microscopic The microscopic scale () is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes regarded as the scale betwe ...

photos of all 96 recognised ''Grimmia'' species. Additionally, the website includes a Worldchecklist, table of World distribution, European checklist and major

ecological Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely re ...

and morphological characters of the ''Grimmia'' species. {{Authority control Moss genera Grimmiales Taxa named by Johann Hedwig