Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval (15 September 1715 – 9 May 1789) was a French artillery officer and engineer who revolutionised the French cannon, creating a new production system that allowed for lighter, more uniform guns without sacrificing range. His Gribeauval system superseded the de Vallière system. These guns proved essential to French military victories during the Napoleonic Wars. Gribeauval is credited as the earliest known advocate for the interchangeability of gun parts. He is thus one of the principal influences on the later development (over many decades by many people) of interchangeable manufacture.

Early life

Jean-Baptiste was born in Amiens, the son of a magistrate. He entered the French royal artillery in 1732 as a volunteer, and became an officer in 1735. For nearly twenty years regimental duty and scientific work occupied him, and in 1752 he became captain of a company of miners.Summerfield (2011) ''SOJ-2'', p. 20 In 1755, he was employed in a military mission in Prussia. In 1757, being then a

lieutenant colonel Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colone ...

, he was lent to the Austrian army on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, and established the Austrian sapper corps. He led the sapping operations at the

Siege of Glatz The siege of Glatz took place in 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) when an Austrian force led by General von Laudon laid siege to and successfully stormed the fortress of Glatz (''Czech: Kladsko, Polish: Kłodzko' ...

and the defence of Schweidnitz. At Schweidnitz, his 1748 design of fortification gun was tested and significantly improved by Master Carpenter Richter. In 1762, he reported back to the Paris authorities on the Austrian artillery system compared with the existing French de Vallière guns. While with the Austrian army he also worked on the continued development of mining in siegecraft. The empress

Maria Theresa Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (german: Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position ''suo jure'' (in her own right). ...

rewarded him for his work with the rank of ''Feldmarschallleutnant'' and the Grand Cross of the

Military Order of Maria Theresa The Military Order of Maria Theresa (german: Militär-Maria-Theresien-Orden; hu, Katonai Mária Terézia-rend; cs, Vojenský řád Marie Terezie; pl, Wojskowy Order Marii Teresy; sl, Vojaški red Marije Terezije; hr, Vojni Red Marije Te ...

. On his return to France he was made ''

maréchal de camp ''Maréchal de camp'' (sometimes incorrectly translated as field marshal) was a general officer rank used by the French Army until 1848. The rank originated from the older rank of sergeant major general ( French: ''sergent-major général''). Se ...

'' (major general), in 1764 Inspector of artillery, and in 1765 '' lieutenant général'' and commander of the

Order of St Louis The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (french: Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis) is a dynastic order, dynastic order of chivalry founded 5 April 1693 by King Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV, named after Louis IX of France, Saint Lou ...

.Summerfield (2011) ''SOJ-2'', p. 14

Gribeauval system

Gribeauval cannon de 12 An 2 de la Republique

Subsequently, he was for some years in disfavour at court. However, he became first inspector of artillery in 1776, in which year also he received the grand cross of the St Louis Order. He was now able to carry out the reforms in the artillery arm which are his chief title to fame. The ''Table des constructions des principaux attirails de l'artillerie ... de M. de Gribeauval'' covers all the French artillery equipment in detail. He was also responsible for the ''règlement'' for the French artillery issued in 1776. Although much of the work is not directly attributable to Gribeauval, these systems of organisation and uniformity in ordnance have been called ''le système Gribeauval''.

References

Sources

* Chartrand, René (2003), ''Napoleon's guns 1792–1815 (2)'', Osprey Publishing, * Chevalier de Passac, ''Précis sur M. de Gribeauval'' (Paris, 1816) * Dawson, A. L., Dawson P. L. and Summerfield S. (2007) ''Napoleonic Artillery'', Crowood Press, * Graves, Donald (2011) "Louis de Tousard and his 'Artillerists Companion': An Investigation of Source Material for Napoleonic Period Ordnance", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', pp. 88–97, * Hennbert, ''Gribeauval, lieutenant-général des armées du roy'' (Paris, 1896) * * Puységur in '' Journal de Paris'', supplement of 8 July 1789 * Smith, Digby (trans.) (2011) "The 18 Questions on Austrian Artillery that Gribeauval Answered in his report Dated March 1762", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', Issue 1, pp. 60–65, * Smith, Digby (trans.) (2011) "Biography of Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval (1715–1789) in Wurzbach 1859", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', Issue 1, pp. 58–64, * Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Summary of Gribeauval's Life", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', Issue 2, pp. 9–23, * Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Gribeauval in Austrian Service", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', Issue 2, pp. 24–35, * Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Gribeauval Garrison Carriage", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', Issue 2, pp. 36–56, * Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Gribeauval's Objection towards Regimental Artillery", ''Smoothbore Ordnance Journal'', Issue 2, pp. 57–59, * Veyrines, (1889) ''Gribeauval'' Paris * Wurzbach, Constant von (1859) ''Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich,'' Volume 5, pp. 332–334 * {{DEFAULTSORT:Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette De French generals French military engineers 1715 births 1789 deaths Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa Commanders of the Order of Saint Louis