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Gregorios N. Bernardakis (, translit. ''Grigorios N. Vernardakis'',
Neo-Latin Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith ''Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin'' in ; others, throughout. (also known as New Latin and Modern Latin) is the style of written Latin used in original literary, scholarly, and scientific works, first in Italy d ...
''Gregorius N. Bernardakis'', b. in
Mytilene Mytilene (; ) is the capital city, capital of the Greece, Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of the Aegean. It was fo ...
,
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
c. 1848, d. 1925) was a
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...
,
palaeographer Palaeography ( UK) or paleography ( US) (ultimately from , , 'old', and , , 'to write') is the study and academic discipline of historical writing systems. It encompasses the historicity of manuscripts and texts, subsuming deciphering and dati ...
, and university professor. His brother was the dramatist
Demetrios Bernardakis Demetrios Bernardakis (, ''Dimitrios Vernardakis'', also transliterated ''Dimitrios Bernardakis''), (3 December 1833—25 January 1907) was a polymath writer and Professor of History at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Biograph ...
.


Biographical sketch

Bernardakis was born in
Mytilene Mytilene (; ) is the capital city, capital of the Greece, Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of the Aegean. It was fo ...
, on the island of
Lesbos Lesbos or Lesvos ( ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of , with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, eighth largest ...
, when it was still a part of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
. He studied at the
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA; , ''Ethnikó kai Kapodistriakó Panepistímio Athinón''), usually referred to simply as the University of Athens (UoA), is a public university in Athens, Greece, with various campuses alo ...
and earned his PhD at the age of twenty-three. While still a student there, he published his first book, ''Σχόλια εις τας δημηγορίας του Θουκυδίδου συνταχθέντα κατά τας αρίστας εκδόσεις'' ("''Scholia on the Speeches of Thucydides according to the best editions"'', 1867). After graduation, he began his teaching career in
Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
, where he was first posted to the Abetios School in
Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...
and afterwards at the Hellenic Gymnasium of
Alexandria Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...
. Later he completed his philological studies at the
University of Leipzig Leipzig University (), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Electo ...
and the
University of Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. The university was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humbol ...
, which gave him a chance to engage in
palaeography Palaeography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, UK) or paleography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, US) (ultimately from , , 'old', and , , 'to write') is the study and academic disciplin ...
in France and in Italy. Afterwards, he returned to Greece, winding up as principal of the Gymnasium of Mytilene (1880–94) and continuing afterwards to an appointment at the Zariphios School of Philippopolis (1895–98). In 1898, he became a regular professor of
Greek literature Greek literature () dates back from the ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BC, to the modern Greek literature of today. Ancient Greek literature was written in an Ancient Greek dialect, literature ranges from the oldest surviving wri ...
at the
National and Capodistrian University of Athens The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA; , ''Ethnikó kai Kapodistriakó Panepistímio Athinón''), usually referred to simply as the University of Athens (UoA), is a public university in Athens, Greece, with various campuses alo ...
, where he taught continuously until 1923.


Scholarly works

The principal work for which Bernardakis was known in his philological career was a seven-volume edition (1888–96
Bibliotheca Teubneriana The Bibliotheca Teubneriana, or ''Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana'', also known as Teubner editions of Greek and Latin texts, comprise one of the most thorough modern collections published of ancient (and some medieval ...
''editio minor'') of Plutarch's ''Moralia'' (''Ethics''), based on a previously-unknown
codex The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now r ...
(Codex Athous Gr. 268) which he had found in a monastic library on
Mount Athos Mount Athos (; ) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece directly on the Aegean Sea. It is an important center of Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox monasticism. The mountain and most of the Athos peninsula are governed ...
. He never completed the major edition, a task which was left to his son,
Demetrios Bernardakis Demetrios Bernardakis (, ''Dimitrios Vernardakis'', also transliterated ''Dimitrios Bernardakis''), (3 December 1833—25 January 1907) was a polymath writer and Professor of History at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Biograph ...
, and grandson, Panagiotis Bernardakis, who finally finished the family project in cooperation with Heinz Gerd Ingenkamp. Later editors of the minor edition,
Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Enno Friedrich Wichard Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (22 December 1848 – 25 September 1931) was a German classical philologist. Wilamowitz, as he is known in scholarly circles, was a renowned authority on Ancient Greece and its literatur ...
, Max Pohlenz and Konrat Ziegler disagreed with Bernardakis and the latest (1959) minor edition does not reflect his editorial choices and the full range of manuscripts that he citied. Bernardakis's minor edition contains essays known by the Latin translations of their titles: ''De liberis educandis'', ''Consolatio ad Apollonium'', and ''Septem sapientium convivium'', that are regarded as
spurious Spurious may refer to: * Spurious relationship in statistics * Spurious emission or spurious tone in radio engineering * Spurious key in cryptography * Spurious interrupt in computing * Spurious wakeup in computing * ''Spurious'', a 2011 no ...
by most scholars because of stylistic differences from other preserved works of Plutarch, although not all scholars regard the issue as definitively settled. One reviewer of the editions found some minor disagreements with various editorial choices, but found the
typeface A typeface (or font family) is a design of Letter (alphabet), letters, Numerical digit, numbers and other symbols, to be used in printing or for electronic display. Most typefaces include variations in size (e.g., 24 point), weight (e.g., light, ...
employed in the major edition a refreshing change from the fonts commonly used in other classical texts, and that overall, the major edition supersedes the previous edition of Vasilis Mandilaras, especially in its treatment of '' lectiones difficiliores'', and koinisms, while still reflecting the moderate
Atticism Atticism (meaning "favouring Attica", the region of Athens in Greece) was a rhetorical movement that began in the first quarter of the 1st century BC. It may also refer to the wordings and phrasings typical of this movement, in contrast with vari ...
of Plutarch. Another important work that he authored is the three-volume reference ''Λεξικόν ερμηνευτικόν των ενδοξότατων Ελλήνων ποιητών και συγγραφέων'' (''Hermeneutic Lexicon of Acclaimed Greek Poets and Writers'', 1908–11), with an abridgement published in 1918. The work is still in print in Greece. Likewise, another popular work of his is ''Σχόλια εις τας δημηγορίας του Θουκυδίδου'' (''
Scholia Scholia (: scholium or scholion, from , "comment", "interpretation") are grammatical, critical, or explanatory comments – original or copied from prior commentaries – which are inserted in the margin of the manuscript of ancient a ...
on the Speeches of
Thucydides Thucydides ( ; ; BC) was an Classical Athens, Athenian historian and general. His ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' recounts Peloponnesian War, the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been d ...
''; 1868); he is also known for ''Symbolae criticae in Strabonem vel censura Cobeti emendationum in Strabonem'' (''Critical Contributions in
Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of Pompey was called "Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Pompeius Strabo". A native of Sicily so clear-si ...
, or a Censure of the Emendations of Cobet on Strabo''; in Latin, 1877), and other works.


List of publications

* * * * Plutarch's Teubner edition: ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * * Frattis auctions "...με λεσβιακό ενδιαφέρον" 3 December 2009

retrieved 4 July 2015
* Bernardakis II - Plutarch's editio maior osthumous ** ** ** ** ** **


References


External links


Website maintained by Bernardakis family with information in English and German
(''Lesbian professors of the University of Athens''; in Greek) {{DEFAULTSORT:Bernardakis, Gregorios 1848 births 1925 deaths Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece Writers from the Ottoman Empire Palaeographers Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Linguists from Greece People from Mytilene Greek classical scholars Greeks from the Ottoman Empire National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni 19th-century Greek educators 19th-century Greek historians