The green ormer (''Haliotis tuberculata'') is a northeast Atlantic and

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

, a

coast A coast (coastline, shoreline, seashore) is the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. Coasts are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape and by aquatic erosion, su ...

al marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

in the family

Haliotidae ''Haliotis'', common name abalone, is the only genus in the family Haliotidae. This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''. The genus consists of small to very large, edible, ...

, the abalone or ormer snails. The flesh of the green ormer is prized as a delicacy, and this has led to a decline in its population in some areas. Haliotis tuberculata 007

Taxonomy

''Haliotis barbouri'' Foster, 1946 is a synonym for ''Haliotis varia''. According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...

(WoRMS) the following subspecies are recognized: * ''Haliotis tuberculata coccinea'' Reeve, 1846 (synonyms: ''Haliotis canariensis'' F. Nordsieck, 1975; ''Haliotis coccinea'' Reeve, 1846; ''Haliotis zealandica'' Reeve, 1846) * ''Haliotis tuberculata fernandesi'' Owen, Grace, & Afonso * ''Haliotis tuberculata marmorata'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Haliotis tuberculata tuberculata'' Linnaeus, 1758 (synonyms: ''Haliotis aquatilis'' Reeve, 1846; ''Haliotis incisa'' Reeve, 1846; ''Haliotis janus'' Reeve, 1846; ''Haliotis japonica'' Reeve, 1846; ''Haliotis lamellosa'' Lamarck, 1822; ''Haliotis lamellosa'' var. ''secernenda'' Monterosato, 1877; ''Haliotis lucida'' Requien, 1848; ''Haliotis pellucida'' von Salis, 1793; ''Haliotis reticulata'' Reeve, 1846; ''Haliotis rugosa'' Reeve, 1846 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Haliotis rugosa'' Lamarck, 1822); ''Haliotis striata'' Linnaeus, 1758; ''Haliotis tuberculata lamellosa'' Lamarck, 1822; ''Haliotis tuberculata'' var. ''bisundata'' Monterosato, 1884; ''Haliotis vulgaris'' da Costa, 1778) Haliotis tuberculata tuberculata

Shell description

The shell of this species grows as large as in length and in width. This flattened, oval shell is an ear-shaped spiral with a mottled outer surface. At the bottom margin of the shell, there is a curving row of five to seven slightly raised respiratory apertures, through which the mantle extends with short, exhalant siphons. As the animal and the shell grow, new holes are formed and the older holes are sealed off. These holes collectively make up what is known as the selenizone, which forms as the shell grows. The inner surface of the shell has a thick layer of iridescent

mother-of-pearl Nacre ( , ), also known as mother-of-pearl, is an organicinorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is ...

. The large and muscular foot has numerous tentacles at the ''epipodium'' (the lateral grooves between the foot and the mantle).

Distribution

This species occurs on rocky shores in European waters from the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

as far north as the

Channel Islands The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Jersey, Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, ...

;Oliver, A.P.H. (2004). ''Guide to Seashells of the World.'' Buffalo: Firefly Books. 22. elsewhere in the Atlantic Ocean it occurs throughout

Macaronesia Macaronesia (; ) is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of North Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of list of islands in the Atlantic Oc ...

and

West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...

Feeding habits

The green ormer grazes on

alga Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not plants, and includes species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular microalgae, suc ...

e, especially

sea lettuce The sea lettuces comprise the genus ''Ulva'', a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along the coasts of the world's oceans. The type species within the genus ''Ulva'' is ''Ulva lactuca'', wikt:lactuca, ''lactuca'' being Latin ...

. It breeds in summer, via

external fertilisation External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm fertilizes a female organism's egg outside of the female's body. It is contrasted with internal fertilization, in which sperm are introduced via insemination and then ...

Human use

In the Channel Islands

Ormers are considered a great delicacy in the

. Overfishing has led to a dramatic depletion in numbers since the latter half of the 19th century. "Ormering" is now strictly regulated in order to preserve stocks. The gathering of ormers is now restricted to a number of "ormering tides", from January 1 to April 30, which occur on the full or new moon and two days following that. No ormers may be taken from the beach that are under 80 mm in shell length (90 mm in Jersey). Gatherers are not allowed to wear wetsuits or even put their heads underwater. Any breach of these laws is a criminal offence which can lead to a fine of up to £5,000 or six months in priso

The demand for ormers is such that they led to the world's first underwater arrest, when a Mr. Kempthorne-Leigh of Guernsey was illegally diving for ormers, and was arrested by a police officer in full diving gear.

References

* Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012) ''Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae''. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. 9 February 2012*

External links

*
British Marine Life Study Society site

Guernsey Fishing Guidelines
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1552190 tuberculata Commercial molluscs Gastropods described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus