Greater Than Sign

The greater-than sign is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values. The widely adopted form of two equal-length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the right, , has been found in documents dated as far back as 1631. In mathematical writing, the greater-than sign is typically placed between two values being compared and signifies that the first number is greater than the second number. Examples of typical usage include and . The less-than sign and greater-than sign always "point" to the smaller number. Since the development of computer programming languages, the greater-than sign and the less-than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations.

History

The earliest known use of the symbols and is found in (''The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving Algebraic Equations'') by Thomas Harriot, published posthumously in 1631. The text states " a > b a b (The sign of majority a > b indicates that a is greater than b)" and " a < b a b (The sign of minority a < b indicates that a is less than b)."

According to historian Art Johnson, while Harriot was surveying North America, he saw a Native American with a symbol that resembled the greater-than sign, in both backwards and forwards forms. Johnson, Art. "History of Mathematical Symbols". Classic Math: History Topics for the Classroom. Dale Seymour Publications, 1994. Johnson says it is likely Harriot developed the two symbols from this symbol.

Usage in text markup

Angle brackets

The greater-than sign is sometimes used for an approximation of the closing angle bracket, . The proper Unicode character is . ASCII does not have angular brackets.

HTML

In HTML (and SGML and XML), the greater-than sign is used at the end of tags. The greater-than sign may be included with , while produces the greater-than or equal to sign.

E-mail and Markdown

In some early e-mail systems, the greater-than sign was used to denote quotations.
The sign is also used to denote quotations in Markdown.

Usage in programming

The 'greater-than sign' is encoded in ASCII as character hex 3E, decimal 62. The Unicode code point is , inherited from ASCII.

For use with HTML, the mnemonics or may also be used.

Programming language

BASIC and C-family languages (including Java and C++) use the comparison operator to mean "greater than". In Lisp-family languages, is a function used to mean "greater than".
In Coldfusion and Fortran, operator means "greater than".

Double greater-than sign

is used for an approximation of the ''much-greater-than sign'' . ASCII does not have the much greater-than sign.

The double greater-than sign is also used for an approximation of the closing guillemet, .

In Java, C, and C++, the operator is the right-shift operator. In C++ it is also used to get input from a stream, similar to the C functions and .

In Haskell, the function is a monadic operator. It is used for sequentially composing two actions, discarding any value produced by the first. In that regard, it is like the statement sequencing operator in imperative languages, such as the semicolon in C.

In XPath the operator returns true if the left operand follows the right operand in document order; otherwise it returns false.

Triple greater-than sign

is the unsigned-right-shift operator in JavaScript. Three greater-than signs form the distinctive prompt of the firmware console in MicroVAX, VAXstation, and DEC Alpha computers (known as the SRM console in the latter). This is also the default prompt of the Python interactive shell, often seen for code examples that can be executed interactively in the interpreter:

$ python
Python 3.9.2 (default, Feb 20 2021, 18:40:11)
CC 10.2.0on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("Hello World")
Hello World
>>>

Greater-than sign with equals sign

is sometimes used for an approximation of the greater than or equal to sign, which was not included in the ASCII repertoire. The sign is, however, provided in Unicode, as .

In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, Lua and C-family languages (including Java and C++) the operator means "greater than or equal to". In Sinclair BASIC it is encoded as a single-byte code point token.

In Fortran, the operator means "greater than or equal to".

In Bourne shell and Windows PowerShell, the operator means "greater than or equal to".

Hyphen-minus with greater-than sign

is used in some programming languages (for example F#) to create an arrow. Arrows like these could also be used in text where other arrow symbols are unavailable. In the R programming language, this can be used as the right assignment operator. In the C, C++, and PHP, this is used as a member access operator. In Swift and Python, it is used to indicate the return value type when defining a function (i.e., ).

Shell scripts

In Bourne shell (and many other shells), greater-than sign is used to redirect output to a file. Greater-than plus ampersand () is used to redirect to a file descriptor.

Spaceship operator

Greater-than sign is used in the 'spaceship operator', .

ECMAScript and C#

In ECMAScript and C#, the greater-than sign is used in lambda function expressions.

In ECMAScript:

const square = x => x * x;
console.log(square(5)); // 25

In C#:

Func square = x => x * x;
Console.WriteLine(square(5)); // 25

PHP

In PHP, the greater-than sign is used in conjunction with the less-than sign as a not equal to operator. It is the same as the != operator.

$x = 5;
$y = 3;
$z = 5;

echo $x <> $y; // true
echo $x <> $z; // false

Unicode

Unicode provides various greater than symbols: (use ⇕ controls to change sort order temporarily)

See also

*Inequality (mathematics)
*Less-than sign
*Relational operator
*Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
*Guillemet
*Material conditional

References

{{Reflist

Typographical symbols
Mathematical symbols
Inequalities (mathematics)