Graphania Averilla

''Ichneutica averilla'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species is found in the North Island at Mount Taranaki but is widespread throughout the South Island and Stewart Island. It prefers mountainous habitat but can be found down to sea level in the southern parts of the South Island. Adults of the species are on the wing between November and March. Larvae likely exist on a variety of herbaceous plants but have been recorded as feeding on species within the genus ''Plantago.'' This species is sometimes confused with ''I. mutas'' but can be distinguished from the latter on the basis of forewing colour (''I. averilla'' has a forewing shaded a uniform red-ochreous colour) as well as the absence of or an indistinct antemedian forewing line.

Taxonomy

''Ichneutica averilla'' was first described by George Hudson in 1921 under the name ''Melanchra averill''. Hudson used the two female specimens of the moth collected by Averil Lysaght in December 1920 on Mount Taranaki. The lectotype specimen of this species is held at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. In 1924 Alfred Philpott, thinking this was a new species, described this moth under the name ''Melanchra furtiva'' from specimens collected around Mount Arthur as well as in the mountainous areas near Lake Wakatipu. In 1988 John S. Dugdale placed this species within the genus ''Graphania'' and recognised ''Melanchra furtiva'' as a new synonym. In 2019 Robert Hoare undertook a major review of New Zealand Noctuidae. During this review the genus ''Ichneutica'' was greatly expanded and the genus ''Graphania'' was subsumed into that genus as a synonym. As a result of this review, this species is now known as ''Ichneutica averilla.''

Description

Hudson described the larvae of this species as follows:

Hudson, in his original description, described the female adult of the species as follows:

''I. averilla'' is a medium-sized moth. The adult male of the species has a wingspan of between 33 and 41 mm whereas the female has a wingspan of between 36 and 41 mm. The forewings of this species are pinkish brown coloured, tinged with grey and have dark markings with a notable streak running lengthwise from the forewing base. There is also a distinctive v-shaped dark mark on the posterior corner of the wing. The hind wings of this species are greyish brown in colour.

This species can be confused with ''I. mutans'' but can be distinguished on forewing colour as ''I. averilla'' has a ground colour of uniform red-ochreous shade where as ''I. mutans'' is more brown with blackish hints. Also the antemedian forewing line is normally distinct in ''I. mutans'' where as in ''I. averilla'' it is absent or just a hint of pale scaling is present.

Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is found in the North Island, but only in the Mount Taranaki area. This species is widespread throughout the South Island, where it has been collected in such areas as on Mount Arthur, around Ben Lomond, Elfin Bay, Lake Luna and Lake MacKenzie in Otago, and at the Cass Basin in the Waimakariri River catchment. ''I. averilla'' is also present on Stewart Island.

Habitat

''I. averilla'' inhabits mountainous country. However it can be found down to sea level altitudes in the southern parts of the South Island, such as in the Catlins.

Behaviour

The adult moths can be found on the wing from November to March.

Life history and host plants

After emerging the larvae eat their egg shell. The larvae of ''I. averilla'' have been found to feed on plants in the genus ''Plantago'' and it is likely the larvae of this species feeds on a variety of plant hosts.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q104173024

Hadeninae
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Moths described in 1921
Taxa named by George Hudson
Endemic moths of New Zealand