Grammatonotus
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''Grammatonotus'' is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of marine
ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...
es belonging to the
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Callanthiidae, which includes the splendid perches and groppos. These fishes are found in the Indian and
Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five Borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is ...
. All of the species in the genus are known in English as groppos.


Taxonomy

''Grammatonotus'' was first proposed as a
monospecific genus In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...
in 1905 by the American
ichthyologist Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 35,800 species of fish had been described as of March 2 ...
Charles Henry Gilbert Charles Henry Gilbert (December 5, 1859 in Rockford, Illinois – April 20, 1928 in Palo Alto, California) was a pioneer ichthyologist and Fisheries science, fishery biologist of particular significance to natural history of the western Unit ...
when he described the new species ''Grammatonotus laysanus'', its type locality given as near Laysan Island in the Leeward Hawaiian Islands, which he also designated as the
type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
of the new genus. He also placed the genus in the family
Serranidae Serranidae is a large family (biology), family of fishes belonging to the order Perciformes. The family contains about 450 species in 65 genera, including the sea basses and the groupers (subfamily Epinephelinae). Although many species are small, ...
while other workers classified it in the
Grammatidae Grammatidae is a small Family (biology), family of ray-finned fishes which were formerly placed in the order Perciformes or as indeterminate Percomorpha, percomorphs, but are now considered Blenniiformes, blenniiforms. They are commonly known as ...
. In 1981 Pierre Fourmanoir erected the family Callanthiidae for this genus and ''
Callanthias ''Callanthias'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the Family (biology), family Callanthiidae. These fishes are primarily found in subtropical parts of the Pacific Ocean, with one species marginally in the Indian Ocean and two sp ...
''. The 5th edition of ''
Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' is a standard reference for the systematics of fishes. It was first written in 1976 by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011). Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of t ...
'' classifies ''Grammatonotus'' as one of two genera in the family Callanthiidae, which it places in the
order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...
Spariformes Spariformes is an order of ray-finned fishes consisting of six families within the series Percomorpha. Taxonomy Spariformes was first used as a taxonomic term in 1860 by the Dutch physician, herpetologist and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker. Trad ...
.


Etymology

''Grammatonotus'' is a combination of ''grammatos'', which means "line", and ''notus'', meaning "back", an allusion to the
lateral line The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelia ...
which runs along the base of the
dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates. Dorsal fins have evolved independently several times through convergent evolution adapting to marine environments, so the fins are not all homologous. They are found ...
.


Species

There are currently 11 recognized species in this genus: * '' Grammatonotus ambiortus''
Prokofiev Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev; alternative transliterations of his name include ''Sergey'' or ''Serge'', and ''Prokofief'', ''Prokofieff'', or ''Prokofyev''. , group=n ( – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who l ...
, 2006
* '' Grammatonotus bianchi'' Lisher, Thein & Psomadakis, 2021 (Myanmar groppo) * '' Grammatonotus brianne'' W. D. Anderson, Greene & L. A. Rocha, 2016 (Batangas groppo)Anderson, W.D.Jr., Greene, B.D. & Rocha, L.A. (2016)
''Grammatonotus brianne'', a new callanthiid fish from Philippine waters, with short accounts of two other ''Grammatonotus'' from the Coral Triangle.
''Zootaxa, 4173 (3): 289–295.''
* '' Grammatonotus crosnieri'' ( Fourmanoir, 1981) (Crosnier's groppo or Uncle Phoo's groppo) * '' Grammatonotus lanceolatus'' ( Kotthaus, 1976) * '' Grammatonotus laysanus'' C. H. Gilbert, 1905 * '' Grammatonotus macrophthalmus'' Katayama, Yamamoto & Yamakawa, 1982 * '' Grammatonotus pelipel'' Anderson &
Johnson Johnson may refer to: People and fictional characters *Johnson (surname), a common surname in English * Johnson (given name), a list of people * List of people with surname Johnson, including fictional characters *Johnson (composer) (1953–2011) ...
2017
(Barred groppo) * '' Grammatonotus roseus'' ( Günther, 1880) (Rosy groppo) * '' Grammatonotus surugaensis'' Katayama, Yamakawa & K. Suzuki, 1980 * '' Grammatonotus xanthostigma'' Anderson & Johnson 2017 (Yellowspot groppo) There are a number of potentially undescribed species that have been recorded from the
Montebello Islands The Montebello Islands, also rendered as the Monte Bello Islands, are an archipelago of around 174 small islands, about 92 of which are named, lying north of Barrow Island (Western Australia), Barrow Island and off the Pilbara region of W ...
in
Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...
, the Coral Sea, and elsewhere in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.


Characteristics

''Grammatonotus'' groppos are ovoid to elongated in shape, with short, rounded snouts. The anterior
nostril A nostril (or naris , : nares ) is either of the two orifices of the nose. They enable the entry and exit of air and other gasses through the nasal cavities. In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbinates ...
is tubular. They have large teeth with one to two
canine teeth In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, eye teeth, vampire teeth, or fangs, are the relatively long, pointed teeth. In the context of the upper jaw, they are also known as '' fangs''. They can appear more fl ...
on each side. The
scales Scale or scales may refer to: Mathematics * Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points * Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original * Scale factor, a number ...
are large. The tail is nearly truncate, forked or diamond-shaped with the central rays extending beyond the membrane or having a ragged appearance as many rays extend beyond the membrane. The caudal fin lobes may also be extended. The species in the genus ''Grammatonotus'' differ from those in the genus ''Callanthias'' in having a single spine on the operculum compared to two. They typically have 9 soft rays, infrequently 8 or 10, in the dorsal fin compared to a typical count of 10 or 11, infrequently 9 or 12, in ''Callanthias''. Grammatonotus species typically have 9, rarely 10 or 11, soft rays in the
anal fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported o ...
while ''Callanthias'' species normally have 10 or 11, sometimes 9 or 12. This genus has 13 branched rays in the
caudal fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported only ...
, whereas there are 15 such rays in ''Callanthias''. The number of tubed scales in the lateral line is also different with between 14 and 23 in this genus and between 21 and 47 in ''Callanthias''. These are rather small fishes with the largest species being ''G. laysanus'' which has a maximum published
standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of fish anatomy, their anatomies, for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and fishery biology. Overall length Standard length (SL) is ...
of .


Distribution

''Grammatonotus'' groppos are found in the
Indo-Pacific The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth. In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...
and are absent from the Atlantic Ocean, they are mainly found offshore from islands rather than continental coasts.


References

{{Authority control Callanthiidae Marine fish genera Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert Spariform fish genera