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Gottolengo (International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA: ; ''Otalènch'' in Brescian dialect) is an Comune (Italy), Italian comune with a population of 5,043 inhabitants located in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy. It lies within the Bassa Bresciana, the southernmost part of the province, which encompasses the greatest number of ''comuni''—sixty-one in total.
Gottolengo holds significant archaeological importance due to the numerous artifacts unearthed since the mid-1920s in the Castellaro area. Today, the ''comune'' serves as an industrial hub while retaining many traces of its rural heritage, to which the town remained closely tied until just a few decades ago. The small, now uninhabited ''frazione'' of Solaro is situated north of the main settlement.
The main river that crosses the town is the Gambara River, named after the neighboring Gambara, municipality of the same name, which borders Gottolengo to the south.
Numerous artificial Canal, canals, vital to the local economy, support the irrigation of cultivated fields.
In terms of Seismic classification in Italy, seismic risk, Gottolengo is categorized as low risk (Zone 3) following the 2004 Salò earthquake on 24 November 2004.
The area now occupied by the modern municipality of Gottolengo was first inhabited around 2000 BCE, when early settlers established themselves in the Castellaro area, initially constructing simple Stilt house, stilt houses. They chose this location due to its strategic hilltop position above a surrounding stream. However, the site was abandoned by the end of the Bronze Age, and a new village emerged where the current town center now stands. This shift is evidenced by the so-called ''Tombstone of the Quattuorviri'' (1st century CE), which commemorates the construction of a defensive tower, authorized by a decree of the Decurion (Roman cavalry officer), decurions—the municipal council based in ''Brixia'' (modern-day Brescia), of whose ''Municipium, municipium'' Gottolengo was a part)—under the supervision of the supreme municipal magistrates, the ''Quattuorviri, Quattuorviri''. The tombstone, embedded in the apse of the parish church, bears the following inscription:..
By the late 6th century, the Gottolengo territory fell under Lombards, Lombard control, who later donated it to the nascent Leonense Abbey, a Benedictine Order, Benedictine monastery in Leno, Lombardy, Leno. The abbey was founded in 758 by Desiderius, a Lombard king from Brescia, who, along with his wife Ansa, Queen of the Lombards, Ansa, had also established the Monastery of Santa Giulia in his hometown, where their daughter Anselperga served as the first abbess.
During the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Gottolengo evolved into a walled village of moderate significance,. initially under the political-administrative jurisdiction of the abbey’s monks, then under the Visconti of Milan, Visconti family, and later the Republic of Venice. In October 1521, the town was sacked by Landsknecht mercenaries, plunging it into poverty and neglect. That same year, the French government awarded Gottolengo a distinction; the municipality received three Fleur-de-lis, fleurs-de-lis of France, still featured on its coat of arms, for aiding the Republic of Venice, a French ally, in resisting Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V..
In 1836, Gottolengo was ravaged by a cholera epidemic. As a result, a lazaretto was established outside the town center in the Castellaro area to isolate the sick and prevent the spread of infection among the healthy population within the walls.
Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the tertiary sector began to develop, coinciding with the establishment of the first agricultural bank. In 1914, the town was connected by the Pavone del Mella-Gambara branch of the Brescia-Ostiano tramway, which operated until 1932. At the outbreak of World War I, many soldiers from Gottolengo departed for the front, later commemorated as national heroes in the town’s war memorial along the provincial road to Leno. The town was deeply affected by World War II, and upon liberation by the Allies of World War II, Anglo-American forces, it had fallen into abject poverty. It was only with the Third Industrial Revolution, post-war industrial revolution that Gottolengo’s economic landscape began to transform. Alongside traditional agricultural and artisanal trades, various industrial enterprises emerged, yet the town retains a vibrant rural spirit that continues to hold significant economic and social importance.
The coat of arms and banner were granted by a Presidential Decree (D.P.R.) on 20 March 2006.
The banner is a drape of azure.
The Gottolengo coat of arms is a simple golden Shield (heraldry), escutcheon, featuring a fess with the three fleurs-de-lis of France, awarded to the municipality for supporting the Republic of Venice, Venetians against Charles V of Habsburg.
The passage of Spanish-Papal troops proved devastating for Gottolengo: on 29 October 1521, soldiers stormed the village, looting and plundering everything in their path. Consequently, Gottolengo was exempted from taxes for approximately five years and granted permission to establish its own market.
Until relatively recently, Gottolengo bore a more ornate and elaborate coat of arms, assigned during the Napoleonic era. This emblem was later suppressed by the Fascism, Fascist regime before being reinstated in the post-war years. It featured various drums, a horse’s head, weapons, and flags, lacking the municipal crown now present above the shield. Recently, the design was simplified and updated, though it retains the fleurs-de-lis as a nod to the historical event.
this Baroque-style church boasts numerous frescoes, including the ''Martyrdom of Saint Peter'' atop the apse, beneath which lies the high altar. Another notable work is the ''Virgin with Saint Peter'', attributed to Giambettino Cignaroli, positioned above the Choir (architecture), choir. Beyond its seven marble altars—featuring lateral niches adorned with statues or frescoes—the church houses wooden sculptures of the dying Christ on the cross and the Madonna, as well as a recently restored Serassi organ from the mid-19th century.
The facade is divided into two orders: the first cornice hosts statues of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, while the summit features a sculpture of Christ’s Resurrection of Jesus, Resurrection. The parish church hosts the town’s main religious services.
The Convent of the Discalced Carmelites, Carmelites, dedicated to Saint Jerome, was established in 1479 outside the walled village. Construction began after a wealthy Gottolengo goldsmith bequeathed his estate to the municipality for charitable works. The municipality allocated the funds to a Carmelite friar and supplied bricks for the monastery’s erection. The complex included the convent and an adjoining church; the resident Carmelites devoted themselves to charitable acts for the poor, providing hospital and welfare services. In the 16th century, they introduced Solanum tuberosum, potato cultivation to the area. The Carmelite monastery was dissolved in 1797 and repurposed as a hospital, with housing later constructed within.
The church persisted as a hospital chapel post-dissolution, becoming a dependency of Gottolengo’s parish; recently restored, it now serves as a place of worship only on specific occasions. The church comprises a single nave flanked by eight niches adorned with numerous frescoes of saints, including standout depictions of Saint Lucy, Saint Apollonia, and Anthony the Great, Saint Anthony the Great. A 16th-century wooden statue of the Virgin in Prayer enthroned with child, housed within, inspires deep devotion among locals. The church is owned by the ''Fondazione Casa di Riposo Cami-Alberini''.
Its entrance once featured a three-arched portico before the church facade, removed after a truck damaged it in a 1960 accident and never rebuilt. The facade now includes a marble-finished Portal (architecture), portal and a rose window with stained glass.
The tower now functions as a small local museum, housing archaeological finds from the Castellaro area. A Lombard-origin legend claims a golden hen with chicks is hidden within. Another noteworthy building is the house where Giuseppe Garibaldi stayed in 1866, now containing small apartments but retaining a commemorative plaque spared by recent renovations.
A cultural hub for Gottolengo and the broader Bassa Bresciana, the Zanardelli Theater—a late 19th-century Liberty style structure with two elevated floors—accommodates up to 200 spectators. It hosts annual performances by various companies. Dialect comedies are frequently staged by “QUO VADIS,” the sole local theater troupe, though its reach remains limited.
Cattle, poultry and pig farming are well developed, while sheep farming is absent. Beekeeping is also practiced.
Gottolengo is famous for its chestnut preserves (a sweet made with chestnuts from Val Camonica) and is the birthplace of Brescian Cydonia oblonga, quince jam. A family-run factory, operating since the early 20th century, produces mustard (condiment), mustards and assorted sauces. Other local plants manufacture staples, operate in the mechanical and electrical sectors, and process dairy and food products.
Geography
Territory
The territory of Gottolengo lies within the Po Valley. The ''comune'' is positioned near the borders of the Province of Cremona and the Province of Mantua and falls within the Eastern Bassa Bresciana, the flat lowland area in the southeastern part of the province. Consequently, the town is entirely flat, with the only elevation being the Castellaro locality, a hill that marks Gottolengo’s highest point at 65 meters above sea level.
The main river that crosses the town is the Gambara River, named after the neighboring Gambara, municipality of the same name, which borders Gottolengo to the south.
Numerous artificial Canal, canals, vital to the local economy, support the irrigation of cultivated fields.
In terms of Seismic classification in Italy, seismic risk, Gottolengo is categorized as low risk (Zone 3) following the 2004 Salò earthquake on 24 November 2004.
Climate
The climate is typical of the Upper Po Valley: summers are hot and humid, winters are cold and often foggy, with occasional snowfalls during the coldest months. * Climatic classification: Zone E, 2479 Degree day, DD.Etymology
The Toponymy, toponym Gottolengo is very probably of Goths, Gothic-Lombards, Lombard origin, as evidenced by the root ''Gott-'', of Gothic origin, and the suffix "-engo," characteristically Lombard. The influence of Germanic languages, Germanic dialects, particularly Lombard, is notably widespread in the toponymy of the surrounding area. Gottolengo likely means "territory belonging to the village." This name first appears in the ''Diploma of Berengar II of Italy, Berengar II to the Abbot of Leno'' in 958.History
The area now occupied by the modern municipality of Gottolengo was first inhabited around 2000 BCE, when early settlers established themselves in the Castellaro area, initially constructing simple Stilt house, stilt houses. They chose this location due to its strategic hilltop position above a surrounding stream. However, the site was abandoned by the end of the Bronze Age, and a new village emerged where the current town center now stands. This shift is evidenced by the so-called ''Tombstone of the Quattuorviri'' (1st century CE), which commemorates the construction of a defensive tower, authorized by a decree of the Decurion (Roman cavalry officer), decurions—the municipal council based in ''Brixia'' (modern-day Brescia), of whose ''Municipium, municipium'' Gottolengo was a part)—under the supervision of the supreme municipal magistrates, the ''Quattuorviri, Quattuorviri''. The tombstone, embedded in the apse of the parish church, bears the following inscription:..
By the late 6th century, the Gottolengo territory fell under Lombards, Lombard control, who later donated it to the nascent Leonense Abbey, a Benedictine Order, Benedictine monastery in Leno, Lombardy, Leno. The abbey was founded in 758 by Desiderius, a Lombard king from Brescia, who, along with his wife Ansa, Queen of the Lombards, Ansa, had also established the Monastery of Santa Giulia in his hometown, where their daughter Anselperga served as the first abbess.
During the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Gottolengo evolved into a walled village of moderate significance,. initially under the political-administrative jurisdiction of the abbey’s monks, then under the Visconti of Milan, Visconti family, and later the Republic of Venice. In October 1521, the town was sacked by Landsknecht mercenaries, plunging it into poverty and neglect. That same year, the French government awarded Gottolengo a distinction; the municipality received three Fleur-de-lis, fleurs-de-lis of France, still featured on its coat of arms, for aiding the Republic of Venice, a French ally, in resisting Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V..
In 1836, Gottolengo was ravaged by a cholera epidemic. As a result, a lazaretto was established outside the town center in the Castellaro area to isolate the sick and prevent the spread of infection among the healthy population within the walls.
Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the tertiary sector began to develop, coinciding with the establishment of the first agricultural bank. In 1914, the town was connected by the Pavone del Mella-Gambara branch of the Brescia-Ostiano tramway, which operated until 1932. At the outbreak of World War I, many soldiers from Gottolengo departed for the front, later commemorated as national heroes in the town’s war memorial along the provincial road to Leno. The town was deeply affected by World War II, and upon liberation by the Allies of World War II, Anglo-American forces, it had fallen into abject poverty. It was only with the Third Industrial Revolution, post-war industrial revolution that Gottolengo’s economic landscape began to transform. Alongside traditional agricultural and artisanal trades, various industrial enterprises emerged, yet the town retains a vibrant rural spirit that continues to hold significant economic and social importance.
Symbols
The coat of arms and banner were granted by a Presidential Decree (D.P.R.) on 20 March 2006.
The banner is a drape of azure.
The Gottolengo coat of arms is a simple golden Shield (heraldry), escutcheon, featuring a fess with the three fleurs-de-lis of France, awarded to the municipality for supporting the Republic of Venice, Venetians against Charles V of Habsburg.
The passage of Spanish-Papal troops proved devastating for Gottolengo: on 29 October 1521, soldiers stormed the village, looting and plundering everything in their path. Consequently, Gottolengo was exempted from taxes for approximately five years and granted permission to establish its own market.
Until relatively recently, Gottolengo bore a more ornate and elaborate coat of arms, assigned during the Napoleonic era. This emblem was later suppressed by the Fascism, Fascist regime before being reinstated in the post-war years. It featured various drums, a horse’s head, weapons, and flags, lacking the municipal crown now present above the shield. Recently, the design was simplified and updated, though it retains the fleurs-de-lis as a nod to the historical event.
Monuments and places of interest
Religious architecture
Church of Saints Peter and Paul
The current Gottolengo parish church, dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul of Tarsus, Paul, was constructed starting in 1746, designed by architect Domenico Prandini from Calvisano, to rival the church in nearby Gambara. Completed in 1765 and consecrated in 1778, as noted by two plaques above the choir’s side portals,this Baroque-style church boasts numerous frescoes, including the ''Martyrdom of Saint Peter'' atop the apse, beneath which lies the high altar. Another notable work is the ''Virgin with Saint Peter'', attributed to Giambettino Cignaroli, positioned above the Choir (architecture), choir. Beyond its seven marble altars—featuring lateral niches adorned with statues or frescoes—the church houses wooden sculptures of the dying Christ on the cross and the Madonna, as well as a recently restored Serassi organ from the mid-19th century.
The facade is divided into two orders: the first cornice hosts statues of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, while the summit features a sculpture of Christ’s Resurrection of Jesus, Resurrection. The parish church hosts the town’s main religious services.
Convent of Saint Jerome
The Convent of the Discalced Carmelites, Carmelites, dedicated to Saint Jerome, was established in 1479 outside the walled village. Construction began after a wealthy Gottolengo goldsmith bequeathed his estate to the municipality for charitable works. The municipality allocated the funds to a Carmelite friar and supplied bricks for the monastery’s erection. The complex included the convent and an adjoining church; the resident Carmelites devoted themselves to charitable acts for the poor, providing hospital and welfare services. In the 16th century, they introduced Solanum tuberosum, potato cultivation to the area. The Carmelite monastery was dissolved in 1797 and repurposed as a hospital, with housing later constructed within.
The church persisted as a hospital chapel post-dissolution, becoming a dependency of Gottolengo’s parish; recently restored, it now serves as a place of worship only on specific occasions. The church comprises a single nave flanked by eight niches adorned with numerous frescoes of saints, including standout depictions of Saint Lucy, Saint Apollonia, and Anthony the Great, Saint Anthony the Great. A 16th-century wooden statue of the Virgin in Prayer enthroned with child, housed within, inspires deep devotion among locals. The church is owned by the ''Fondazione Casa di Riposo Cami-Alberini''.
Sanctuary of the Incidella
The Sanctuary of the Incidella, located along the road from the municipality to the ''frazione'' of Solaro and Isorella, is a devotional site dedicated to the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and designated a sanctuary due to a miracle reported there in 1653. The structure, comprising an Oratory (worship), oratory and a church with a bell tower, dates to the 17th century and was built in Baroque style atop an earlier chapel.Its entrance once featured a three-arched portico before the church facade, removed after a truck damaged it in a 1960 accident and never rebuilt. The facade now includes a marble-finished Portal (architecture), portal and a rose window with stained glass.
Civil and military architecture
Facing the town’s main square stands the municipal theater, dedicated to Brescian politician Giuseppe Zanardelli, designed in Art Nouveau style and recently renovated. Adjacent to the square is the Casa Torre, remnants of a fort that once served as the primary entrance to the ancient village. This tower was part of a now-vanished defensive wall system, encircled by a stream and accessed via a drawbridge.
The tower now functions as a small local museum, housing archaeological finds from the Castellaro area. A Lombard-origin legend claims a golden hen with chicks is hidden within. Another noteworthy building is the house where Giuseppe Garibaldi stayed in 1866, now containing small apartments but retaining a commemorative plaque spared by recent renovations.
Archaeological sites
Since the early 20th century, Gottolengo’s territory has been a focus of scientific research and archaeological discoveries. The initial finds occurred in the “Castellaro” area, a low plateau at the southern edge of the town center. This site bears evidence of settlements by groups such as the Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul), Cenomani and Romans, preserved in Gottolengo’s small civic museum within the tower house. Over the years, everyday objects such as rudimentary looms, weapons, bronze remnants, and a rare terracotta horn—among the world’s oldest sound-producing instruments—have surfaced. In 1925, the “Celtic Helmet from Gottolengo,” dating to the late 4th century BCE during the Cenomani settlement, was discovered, alongside numerous pins and metallic items, as well as Roman tombstones, including the one in the parish apse and another marking a vow to Apollo.Society
Demographic evolution
Between the 19th and 20th centuries, some people from Gottolengo, like many Italians, emigrated seeking fortune in the Americas (notably the United States and Argentina) or Australia. In the immediate post-World War II years, the municipality’s population peaked at residents. During this period, even the now-deserted ''frazione'' of Solaro housed around 1,500 people in vast ''Cascina a corte, cascine a corte'' typical of the Po Valley, as well as some public buildings. Subsequent decades saw another migratory wave toward northern Italian cities such as Milan, Turin, Genoa, and Brescia, driven by job opportunities in emerging factories.Ethnicities and foreign minorities
Like many Italian towns, especially in the Po Valley, Gottolengo hosts a notable foreign population. As of 1 January 2018, 599 foreign residents—approximately 11.6% of the total population—live in the municipality. The most represented nationalities are: # India, 273 # Morocco, 122 # Romania, 62 # Albania, 31 # Senegal, 29 # China, 27Languages and dialects
The sole official language across the municipality is Italian language, Italian. Nonetheless, the Brescian dialect is widely spoken among both older and younger residents.Religion
The municipality contains a single parish, part of the Diocese of Brescia. The Neocatechumenal Way took root in Gottolengo’s parish in 1970, introduced by a mixed group of clergy and laity from Rome, approved by the bishop, marking the beginning of a catechetical journey. This spread was bolstered by the presence of Gottolengo native Mario Pezzi (priest), Mario Pezzi, considered one of the movement’s three founders. Since then, various communities have joined the ''Way''; today, six distinct groups exist in the municipality. The parish publishes a quarterly bulletin, “''Il Redone'',” styled as a newspaper due to its format, since 1964. It covers religious, cultural, and social topics and is based at Gottolengo’s pastoral center.Traditions and folklore
A festival honoring Our Lady of Carmel occurs around mid-July, beginning with the veneration of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Lasting about a week, it starts with a procession through the town: the Marian statue is carried from the Church of Saint Jerome to the parish church, where it remains displayed throughout the event, accompanied by the town fair.Culture
Education
The municipality hosts a comprehensive institute, housing a kindergarten and elementary school, alongside the Luigi Sturzo lower secondary school. Additionally, a parochial kindergarten, managed by the Fondazione P. Caprettini, operates in Gottolengo.Media
Since 1990, Teleradio Gottolengo (TRG), a small television station, has been broadcasting from Gottolengo. Managed by the town’s curates and currently led by the Provost (religion), provost, its programming focuses almost exclusively on local and religious content. On July 30, 2022, TRG ceased over-the-air broadcasts and moved its programming to YouTube.Theater
A cultural hub for Gottolengo and the broader Bassa Bresciana, the Zanardelli Theater—a late 19th-century Liberty style structure with two elevated floors—accommodates up to 200 spectators. It hosts annual performances by various companies. Dialect comedies are frequently staged by “QUO VADIS,” the sole local theater troupe, though its reach remains limited.
Cuisine
The Solanum tuberosum, potato, a symbol of Gottolengo’s agricultural tradition, is celebrated with a festival established in 2002, typically held in September, earning a Denominazione comunale d'origine, municipal designation of origin. Another local specialty is jam. Also prevalent, though common across Lombardy, are Tortelli, pumpkin tortelli, traditionally eaten on Christmas Eve, and Brescian-style spit-roast.Anthropic geography
Urban planning
The current town center began to be settled around the mid-2nd century BCE by the Roman history, Romans, though their settlements were scattered and lacked a fixed layout. This changed with the arrival of the Lombards: King Desiderius gifted Gottolengo to the abbots of the Abbey of Leno, who fortified the town following 10th-century Magyars, Hungarian invasions. They built a fortified village encircled by a moat and defended by earthworks, containing the monastic ''Manorialism, curtis'' with the lord’s house, church, and servants’ homes; outside the walls lay peasants’ huts, offering refuge during threats. As population grew, the village expanded, forming a true encastellation, but with the advent of firearms, its defenses fell into ruin. During the Napoleonic era, the center gained prominence, new districts emerged, decaying walls were demolished, and old moats were filled, leaving the tower house as the sole vestige of the former system. Since then, Gottolengo’s urban layout has remained largely unchanged. Notable developments in the 1960s and 1970s included two small Marcolini villages. Today, the municipality features green spaces (parks) according to the General Regulatory Plan, while the landfill, outside the town center, has been rehabilitated to meet current standards; the municipal aqueduct located in the city is managed by A2A, as well as the entire sewerage system of Gottolengo and the purification services. The territory faces no naturalistic or landscape restrictions.''Frazioni''
Gottolengo encompasses seven ''Frazione, frazioni'', with Solaro historically the most significant. The others—modest in size with a few dozen residents each—are ''Solerino'', ''Baldone'', ''Remaglie'', ''Segalana'', ''Monticelle Sopra'', and ''Osteria''.Solaro
Historically, Solaro was Gottolengo’s sole notable outlying locality. Its name, of Roman origin, derives from the Latin ''Solarium'', meaning “sunlit terrace.” Solaro proved vital during World War II, serving as a refuge. Today, it consists of an abandoned traditional Brescian ''cascina a corte'' and an ancient church dedicated to Anthony the Great, Saint Anthony the Great, a protector of animals and a revered figure locally. The surrounding countryside features both old and new farmhouses amid cultivated fields. A municipal road links Solaro to the town, extending to the provincial road between Ghedi and Isorella.Economy
Agriculture
The earliest large-scale reclamation efforts were undertaken by the monks of Leno Abbey, draining marshlands to enable agriculture and livestock rearing. Further reclamation and extensive canalization between the 18th and 20th centuries shaped the current Gottolengo countryside. Today, the territory is almost entirely devoted to agriculture, with fields cultivated using intensive methods typical of the Po Valley and northern Italy. Major crops include corn and wheat, with smaller yields of soybeans and potatoes.Cattle, poultry and pig farming are well developed, while sheep farming is absent. Beekeeping is also practiced.
Industry
During the Venetian domination, the first textile factories were established, but the real industrial boom came in the 1960s, when the Bassa Bresciana was declared an economically depressed area. This spurred significant funding and tax incentives, fostering modern industrial growth and Diversification (strategy), diversification.Gottolengo is famous for its chestnut preserves (a sweet made with chestnuts from Val Camonica) and is the birthplace of Brescian Cydonia oblonga, quince jam. A family-run factory, operating since the early 20th century, produces mustard (condiment), mustards and assorted sauces. Other local plants manufacture staples, operate in the mechanical and electrical sectors, and process dairy and food products.
Infrastructure and transport
Roads
Key arteries serving the municipality are Provincial Road VIII, linking it north to Leno, Lombardy, Leno and south to Gambara, and Provincial Road 11, running from Pavone del Mella through Gottolengo to Isorella.Railways and tramways
From 1914 to 1932, Gottolengo’s station was served by a tramway on the Brescia-Ostiano line, branching toward Gambara from the Pavone del Mella junction.Urban transportation
The municipality lies within the local public transport subnetwork of the Province of Brescia, encompassing the Lower Brescia Plain, the Lake Iseo, Sebino area, and Franciacorta. Intercity transportation is provided by buses operated by the Trasporti Brescia Sud consortium, composed of SIA, SAIA Trasporti and APAM.Administration
Below is the list of mayors of Gottolengo since the end of the Second World War: Below is the list of mayors directly elected by citizens (since 1993):Sports
A prominent sport in Gottolengo is volleyball, with the women’s Volleyball, volleyball team Juvolley competing in Serie D, having reached Serie A in the 1970s. Other sports, such as Football (soccer), football, karate, and basketball, are practiced recreationally. The primary sports facility is the sports hall, built in the 1990s, featuring a grass football pitch, two tennis courts, and a gymnasium.References
Bibliography
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