The Goodall focus was a Hopewellian culture from the Middle

Woodland period In the classification of :category:Archaeological cultures of North America, archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BC to European contact i ...

peoples that occupied Western

Michigan Michigan ( ) is a peninsular U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, Upper Midwestern United States. It shares water and land boundaries with Minnesota to the northwest, Wisconsin to the west, ...

and northern

Indiana Indiana ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north and northeast, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the s ...

from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. Extensive trade networks existed at this time, particularly among the many local cultural expressions of the Hopewell communities. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of

Lake Michigan Lake Michigan ( ) is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and depth () after Lake Superior and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the ...

, east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to Saginaw Bay on the east and

Grand Traverse Bay Grand Traverse Bay ( ) is an arm of Lake Michigan, located along the west coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The bay is separated from the rest of Lake Michigan by the Leelanau Peninsula. The bay is some long, ranges from wide, and up ...

to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana.Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley; 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996

Defining artifact

Glacial Kame is a widespread of the northern late archaic cultural manifestations. Cemeteries were customarily made in sand and gravel ridges formed by

glacial outwash An outwash plain, also called a sandur (plural: ''sandurs''), sandr or sandar, is a plain formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier. As it flows, the glacier grinds the underlying rock surface and ...

called " kames". Not all human burials in a kame are necessarily from the same time period, those which reflect similar methods and are associated with similar materials are related to some degree. # Glacial Kame cemeteries contain from only a few to several dozen burials. The tightly flexed human remains, usually singly but sometimes paired, were placed in circular pits barely large enough to permit placement of the body. # If a stratum of hard

silt Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension (chemistry), suspension with water. Silt usually ...

overlay the more easily removed sands and gravels, only the narrowest possible disturbance was created through the former. # Males and females representing all age groups were placed in these cemeteries.Kellar, James H.; An Introduction to the Prehistory of Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Society; Indianapolis, Indiana; 1973 # Powdered

ochre Ochre ( ; , ), iron ochre, or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colou ...

, contains

iron oxides An iron oxide is a chemical compound composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are nonstoichiometric, non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is ...

and ranges in color from bright yellow to a rich orange-red. # Large drilled sandal-sole-shaped and circular gorgets were cut from wall sections of marine molluscans. # A distinctive artifact is the so-called " birdstone." Commonly carved from slate, it has a profile resembling the head, body, and tail of a stylized bird. # A symbolic spear-thrower weight comparable to that of the bannerstone. There is no clear associations to confirm this idea. # Other artifacts include copper and shell beads, some made from the

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...

of marine shells, long bone pins, and bone awls.

Ceramics

Ceramics tend to come from middens and contain expanding and contracting stemmed projectile points and

obsidian Obsidian ( ) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extrusive rock, extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter element ...

flakes. Research has been on-going through the 1990s at sites in northwest Indiana, the

Galien River The Galien River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map accessed May 19, 2011 stream in the Michiana, southwest region of the U.S. state of Michigan. The river begins at the outlet ...

Basin, the

Kalamazoo River The Kalamazoo River is a river in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is long from the junction of its North and South branches to its mouth at Lake Michigan, with a total length extending to when one includes the South Branch.U.S. Geologic ...

Basin and the Grand River basin.

References

External links

The Goodall Tradition Project:Northwestern Indiana Hopewell

The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20100615153442/http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/wlac/AIA/Hopewell_IN.doc Key Indiana Hopewell Site Preserved Pre-Columbian cultures 2nd-century BC establishments 5th-century disestablishments Hopewellian peoples Native American history of Indiana Native American history of Michigan Archaeological sites in Indiana Archaeological sites in Michigan Archaeological cultures in the United States {{NorthAm-native-stub

Defining artifact

Ceramics

See also

References

Further reading

External links