The golden-winged parakeet (''Brotogeris chrysoptera'') is a species of bird in subfamily

Arinae The neotropical parrots or New World parrots comprise about 150 species in 32 genera found throughout South America, South and Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean islands and the southern United States. Among them are some of the most familia ...

of the family

Psittacidae The Family (biology), family Psittacidae or holotropical parrots is one of three families of true parrots. It comprises the 12 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Afrotropics, Afrotropical parrots) and 167 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or ...

, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023

Taxonomy and systematics

The golden-winged parakeet was

formally described A species description is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered species, typically articulated through a scientific publication. Its purpose is to provide a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differ ...

in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

in the twelfth edition of his ''

Systema Naturae ' (originally in Latin written ' with the Orthographic ligature, ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Sweden, Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the syste ...

''. He placed it with all the other parrots in the

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

Psittacus ''Psittacus'' is a genus of African grey parrots in the subfamily Psittacinae. It contains two species: the grey parrot (''Psittacus erithacus'') and the Timneh parrot (''Psittacus timneh''). For many years, the grey parrot and Timneh parrot we ...

'' and coined the

binomial name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, altho ...

''Psittacus chrysopterus''. Linnaeus based his description on the "golden-winged parakeet" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the English naturalist George Edwards in the second volume of his ''Gleanings of Natural History''. Edwards was uncertain about the origin of his specimen. Linnaeus specified the type location as "India". It was redesignated as "Guiana" in 1912. The golden-winged parakeet is now one of eight species placed in the genus ''

Brotogeris ''Brotogeris'' is a genus of small parrots endemic to Central and South America. Their closest relatives are the monk parakeet and the cliff parakeet in the genus ''Myiopsitta''. They eat seeds and fruit. The word ''brotogeris'' means "having th ...

'' that was introduced in 1925 by Irish zoologist

Nicholas Aylward Vigors Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785 – 26 October 1840) was an Ireland, Irish zoologist and politician. He popularized the classification of birds on the basis of the quinarian system. Early life Vigors was born at Old Leighlin, County Carlow, in 1 ...

. The genus name is from the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...

''brotogērus'' meaning "with human voice". The specific epithet ''chrysoptera'' is from the

''khrusopteros'' meaning "golden-winged" (from ''khrusos'' "gold" and ''pteron'' "wing"). Five

subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...

of golden-winged parakeet are recognized: * ''B. c. chrysoptera'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

, 1766) * ''B. c. tenuifrons''

Friedmann Friedman, Friedmann, and Freedman are surnames of German origin, and from the 17th century were also adopted by Ashkenazi Jews. It is the 9th most common surname in Israel (8th among Jews) and most common exclusively Ashkenazi name. Notable people ...

, 1945 * ''B. c. solimoensis'' Gyldenstolpe, 1941 * ''B. c. tuipara'' ( Gmelin, JF, 1788) * ''B. c. chrysosema'' Sclater, PL, 1864 ''B. c. solimoensis'' has sometimes been included in the

nominate Nomination is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to a public office, or the bestowing of an honor or award. A collection of nominees narrowed from the full list of candidates is a short list. Political office In th ...

''B. c. chrysoptera''.Collar, N., A. Bonan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Golden-winged Parakeet (''Brotogeris chrysoptera''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gowpar2.01 retrieved February 20, 2023 Subspecies ''B. c. tuipara'' and ''B. c. chrysosema'' have sometimes been treated as separate species. The golden-winged and

cobalt-winged parakeet The cobalt-winged parakeet (''Brotogeris cyanoptera'') is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela.Remse ...

(''B. cyanoptera'') are

sister species In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023

Description

The golden-winged parakeet is about long and weighs . The species is almost entirely green. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a browish frontal band above the bill, and orange-brown spot on the chin, and bright orange

primary Primary or primaries may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music Groups and labels * Primary (band), from Australia * Primary (musician), hip hop musician and record producer from South Korea * Primary Music, Israeli record label Work ...

coverts A covert feather or tectrix on a bird is one of a set of feathers, called coverts (or ''tectrices''), which cover other feathers. The coverts help to smooth airflow over the wings and tail. Ear coverts The ear coverts are small feathers behind t ...

. Subspecies ''B. c. tuipara'' has an orange frontal band and chin and yellow edges on the outer tail feathers. ''B. c. chrysosema'' has a yellowish orange frontal band and yellow primary coverts. ''B. c. solimoensis'' is like ''chrysosema'' but with a paler frontal band. ''B. c. tenuifrons'' has yellow edges on the outer tail feathers like ''tuipara'' but no frontal band. Immature birds have entirely green wings.

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of the golden-winged parakeet are found thus: * ''B. c. chrysoptera'', from northeastern Venezuela southeast through

the Guianas The Guianas, also spelled Guyanas or Guayanas, are a geographical region in north-eastern South America. Strictly, the term refers to the three Guianas: Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, formerly British, Dutch, and French Guiana respectiv ...

and into adjoining north-central Brazil * ''B. c. tenuifrons'', along the upper Rio Negro in northwestern Brazil * ''B. c. solimoensis'', north-central Brazil along the middle Amazon between the municipality of Codajás and

Manaus Manaus () is the List of capitals of subdivisions of Brazil, capital and largest city of the States of Brazil, Brazilian state of Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas. It is the List of largest cities in Brazil, seventh-largest city in Brazil, w ...

* ''B. c. tuipara'', north-central Brazil south of the Amazon between the

Tapajós River The Tapajós ( ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. Prior to a drastic increase in illegal gold mi ...

and the Atlantic coast in

Maranhão Maranhão () is a States of Brazil, state in Brazil. Located in the country's Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region, it has a population of about 7 million and an area of and it is divided into 217 municipalities. Clockwise from north, it ...

* ''B. c. chrysosema'', along the

Madeira River The Madeira River ( ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of ...

and its tributaries from northeastern Bolivia into western Brazil's

Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – ) is one of the states of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, third largest by area, located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible ...

state In most of its range the golden-winged parakeet inhabits undisturbed lowland

rainforest Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree Canopy (biology), canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can be generally classified as tropi ...

secondary forest A secondary forest (or second-growth forest) is a forest or woodland area which has regenerated through largely natural processes after human-caused Disturbance (ecology), disturbances, such as Logging, timber harvest or agriculture clearing, or ...

, savanna, coastal woodlands, and towns (as long as there are tall trees). North of the

Orinoco River The Orinoco () is one of the longest rivers in South America at . Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers approximately 1 million km2, with 65% of it in Venezuela and 35% in Colombia. It is the List of rivers by discharge, f ...

in Venezuela it inhabits

cloudforest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, ...

as high as .

Behavior

Movement

The golden-winged parakeet is mostly sedentary but there are suggestions of some irregular wandering.

Feeding

The golden-winged parakeet feeds mostly on flowers and their nectar; a wide variety of plant families provide them. It also feeds on seeds, berries, palm fruits, and insects and snails in still water.

Breeding

The golden-winged parakeet's nesting season varies geographically; it nests somewhere in almost any month. It nests in a cavity, natural or excavated, in a tree or arboreal termite nest. The clutch size is three or four eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.

Vocalization

The golden-winged parakeet's common calls are "a high-pitched “klee”, shrill “chree” or bisyllabic “chree-chree”" that are given both from a perch and in flight. It also makes "a fast chattering series “cra-cra-cra-cra-cra”." Members of flocks in flight often call simultaneously, making a

cacophony Phonaesthetics (also spelled phonesthetics in North America) is the study of the beauty and pleasantness associated with the sounds of certain words or parts of words. The term was first used in this sense, perhaps by during the mid-20th century ...

Status

The

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status ...

has assessed the golden-winged parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. "Locally common to abundant, even in cities, in all range states, and is relatively little traded."

References

External links

World Parrot Trust
Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profiles * (for

Suriname Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America, also considered as part of the Caribbean and the West Indies. It is a developing country with a Human Development Index, high level of human development; i ...

) with RangeMap
Golden-winged parakeet photo gallery
VIREO
Photo-High Res
www1.nhl.nl—"Suriname Birds" {{Taxonbar, from=Q371405 golden-winged parakeet Birds of the Guiana Shield Birds of the Amazon rainforest

Birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world. The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1862 confirmed species of which 239 are endemic. Five have been introduced by humans, 93 are rare or vagrants, and seven are known or thought ...

golden-winged parakeet Parakeets golden-winged parakeet Taxonomy articles created by Polbot