Gliricidia Sepium

''Gliricidia sepium'', often simply referred to as gliricidia or by its Spanish common name (calque of Nahuatl ; also anglicized as mother of cocoa), is a medium size leguminous tree belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is an important multi-purpose legume tree, with a native range from Mexico to Colombia, but now widely introduced to other tropical zones.

Common names

Common names of ''Gliricidia sepium'' in English include: gliricidia, Mexican lilac, mother of cocoa (in India and Ghana), Nicaraguan cocoashade (in Trinidad and Tobago), quickstick (in Guyana and Jamaica), Aaron's rod (in Jamaica), and St. Vincent plum, among other common names.

In Latin America, it is known as ''cacahuanāntli'' in Nahuatl; and ''madre de cacao'', ''madricacao'', ''mata ratón'', ''madriado'', or ''madriago'' in Spanish in general; ''palu de sol'', ''piñón cubano'', ''cuchunuc'', ''jelelte'', ''sacyab'', ''xakyaab'', ''muite'', and ''cocuite'' among other names in Mexico; ''mata ratón'' or ''matarratón'' in Guatemala, Colombia, and Cuba; ''cacaguanance'' or ''cacahuananche'' (from the Nahuatl etymon) in Mexico and Guatemala; ''prendedor'' or ''mata ratón'' in Puerto Rico; ''madero negro'' or ''maderu negru'' in Nicaragua and Costa Rica; ''balo'' in Costa Rica; ''palu de bala'' in Panama; ''palo de hierro'' in El Salvador; and ''piñón de Cuba'' in the Dominican Republic.

The Spanish and Nahuatl names are retained in the Philippines as ''madre de cacao'', ''madriado'', ''madrecacao'', and ''cacauate'' (or ''kakawate''). Elsewhere in Southeast Asia, it is known as ''bunga jepun'' in Malaysia; ''gamal'' or ''liriksidia'' in Indonesia; ''khae farang'' in Thailand; ''anh dào gía'', ''sát thu'', or ''hông mai'' in Vietnam; ''khê fàlangx'' or ''khê nooyz'' in Laos; and ''ge li dou'' (格力豆) in China.

In South Asia, it is known as ''madri'' in Telugu; ''saranga'' in Bengali; ''gobbarda mara'' or ''gobbaradgidda'' in Kannada; ''giripushpa'' in Marathi; ''siima konna'' in Malayalam; and ''seemai agathi'' or ''vivasaaya thegarai'' in Tamil, and ''wetahiriya'' in Sinhala).

Elsewhere, it is also known as ''agunmaniye'' in Nigeria; ''rechesengel'' in Palau; and ''mãe-do-cacau'' in Portuguese.

Description

''Gliricidia sepium'' is a medium-sized tree that grows high. The bark is smooth, and its color can range from a whitish gray to deep red-brown. The flowers are located on the end of branches that have no leaves. These flowers have a bright pink to lilac color that is tinged with white. A pale yellow spot is usually at the flower's base. The tree's fruit is a pod about long. It is green when unripe and becomes yellow-brown when it reaches maturity. The pod produces four to ten round brown seeds.

Distribution and spread

''G. sepium'' has been cultivated extensively by indigenous American cultures in North, Central, and South America since the pre-Columbian era, which makes it difficult to ascertain its original native distribution. Genetic studies have identified the center of genetic diversity of ''G. sepium'' as the dry zones of southern Mexico and northern Central America, which is now generally regarded as its true native range.

''G. sepium'' was first introduced to the Philippines from Mexico via the Manila galleons along with 200 other tropical American plant species from as early as the early 1600s. Their use as a shade tree for cacao, coffee, and tea plantations led to their further spread. These later introductions include the Caribbean before 1850; Sri Lanka in the 1800s; India and Indonesia at around 1900; and West Africa, Uganda, and Kenya in the early 1900s. Other introductions followed in the 20th century and ''G. sepium'' now has a pantropical distribution.

''G. sepium'' grows well in acidic soils with a pH of 4.5-6.2. The tree is found on volcanic soils in its native range in Central America and Mexico. However, it can also grow on sandy, clay, and limestone soils.

Uses

''G. sepium'' was spread from its native range throughout the tropics to shade plantation crops such as coffee. Today it is used for many other purposes including live fencing, fodder, firewood, green manure, intercropping, and rat poison. Its use expanded following the widespread defoliation of Leucaena by psyllid in the 1980s. In the charsutri method of paddy cultivation, leaves of glyricidia are incorporated in soil during ploughing.

Salinity tolerance & Nitrogen fixation

The tree possesses high level of Nitrogen fixati

and tolerance to salini

Fodder

''G. sepium'' is used as cut and carry forage for cattle, sheep, and goats. Its high protein content allows it to complement low-quality tropical forages. ''G. sepium'' can tolerate repeated cutting, every 2 to 4 months depending on the climate. Cutting ''G. sepium'' causes it to retain its leaves during the dry season when many forage crops have lost their leaves. In some cases it is the only source of feed during the dry season.

Intercropping

''G. sepium'' trees are used for intercropping in part because they fix nitrogen in the soil and tolerate low soil fertility, so when they are interplanted with crops they can boost crop yields significantly, without the need of chemical fertilizers.

''G. Sepium'' tolerates being cut back to crop height, and can even be coppiced, year after year. When the trees are cut back, they enter a temporary dormant state during which their root systems do not compete for nutrients needed by the crops, so the crops can establish themselves.

These properties also enable G. Sepium to be used as green manure.

Soil stabilization

''G. sepium'' is a fast-growing ruderal species that takes advantage of slash and burn practices in its native range. Because it is easily propagated and grows quickly, it is also planted to prevent topsoil erosion in the initial stages of reforesting denuded areas, and as an intermediate step to be taken before introducing species that take longer to grow.

Shade trees

The common name ''madre de cacao'' (literally "mother of cacao" in Spanish) used in Central America and the Philippines is in reference to its traditional use as shade trees for cocoa tree plantations.

Other

''G. sepium'' is widely used in the form of poles for live fencing in Cuba, other islands and India. This is one of the best plants used for traditional live fencing to protect agriculture and fruit bearing plantations from animals such as goats, cow, and buffalo. As a Caribbean native, ''G. sepium'' has traditionally been used for live fencing in Cuba.

As in India, during the recent past one could see many living fences around mango and cashew orchards and agricultural properties in Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka, erected with ''G. sepium'' and tied with bamboo rafters.

''G. sepium'' is also used for its insect repellent properties. Farmers in Latin America often wash their livestock with a paste made of crushed ''G. sepium'' leaves to ward off torsalos (botflies). In the Philippines, the extract obtained from its leaves is made into anti-mange dog shampoo.

Limitations

''G. sepium'' seems to be toxic to non-ruminants. The generic name ''Gliricidia'' means "mouse killer" in reference to the traditional use of its toxic seeds and bark as rodenticides.

Some palatability challenges have been reported; animals seem to refuse the leaves on the basis of smell, but this depends on management and geography.

Another limitation is frost intolerance and the lack of adaptation to a cool season: it is a tropical plant. Generally, the Gliricidia sepium tree can withstand a minimum temperature of .

In terms of cultivation, it requires the presence of pollinators to set seeds, but is often propagated with stem cuttings despite it giving shallow roots. The seeds are often hard, smooth and (water impermeable when mature and dry, but a light scratching against coarse sandpaper or a rough cement floor can make them all take up water fast to germinate
Further, it has invasive potential: its swift propagation has caused it to be considered a weed in Jamaica.

Until now ''G. sepium'' has remained free of serious diseases; only a number of insect problems are reported in exotic environments, but there are issues with defoliation under humid conditions.

In late April, 2023 on the island of Montserrat, BWI, the Black bean bug (''Brachyplatys subaeneus'') was observed infesting this plant.

Names in other languages

In Indonesia, ''Gliricidia sepium'' is known as ''gamal'' given by researcher R. Soetarjo Martoatmodjo in 1958 after Gamal Abdel Nasser –whose name also reminded him of the Arabic name for 'camel' (i.e. ''jamal'')– in the hopes that it would help Indonesia's wastelands heal and its other ecosystems endure just "like a camel crossing the Sahara desert"; it has also been backronymed by some farmers as the anti-Malaysia slogan ''Ganjang Malaysia'' or "Down with Malaysia".

References

External links

2.2 "Gliricidia sepium - a Multipurpose Forage Tree Legume"
in Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture, Edited by Ross C. Gutteridge and H. Max Shelton. Tropical Grassland Society of Australia Inc.


Purdue University.

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Robinieae
Trees of the Philippines
Trees of Central America
Trees of South America
Trees of Northern America
Plants described in 1760
Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
Ruderal species
Trees of Guatemala