The ''Gleaves''-class destroyers were a class of 66
destroyer
In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long-endurance warship intended to escort
larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or carrier battle group and defend them against a wide range of general threats. They were conceived i ...
s of the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
built 1938–42, designed by
Gibbs & Cox
Gibbs & Cox is an American naval architecture firm that specializes in designing surface warships. Founded in 1922 in New York City, Gibbs & Cox is now headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.
The firm has offices in New York City; Washington, D.C. ...
.
The first ship of the class was . They were the destroyer type that was in production for the US Navy when the United States entered
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
.
The ''Gleaves'' class were initially specified as part of a 24-ship authorized in
fiscal year
A fiscal year (also known as a financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes. It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations. La ...
s 1938–40; however,
Bethlehem Shipbuilding requested that the six ships designed by them use less complex machinery. Initially, ''Gleaves'' and , although designed by Gibbs & Cox and built by
Bath Iron Works
Bath Iron Works (BIW) is a major United States shipyard located on the Kennebec River in Bath, Maine, founded in 1884 as Bath Iron Works, Limited. Since 1995, Bath Iron Works has been a subsidiary of General Dynamics, one of the world's largest ...
, were to follow the ''Benson'' design as modified by Bethlehem. This temporarily made the lead ship with more complex machinery, so the class was initially called the ''Livermore'' class, and this name persisted through
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. However, it soon proved possible for ''Gleaves'' and ''Niblack'' to be built to the ''Livermore'' design.
[ Since ''Gleaves'' was completed before ''Livermore'' and had a lower hull number, the class is more correctly the ''Gleaves'' class. Eighteen of these were commissioned in 1940–41.][Bauer and Roberts, pp. 188–191] The remaining 48 "repeat ''Gleaves''es" were authorized in 1940–42. These plus the 24 [''Benson-Gleaves'' classes at DestroyerHistory.org]
/ref> "repeat ''Benson''s" were also known at the time as the ''Bristol'' class, after . During World War II the ''Benson''s were usually combined with the ''Livermore''s (more correctly the ''Gleaves'' class) as the ''Benson''-''Livermore'' class; this persisted in references until at least the 1960s.[Silverstone, pp. 126–135] The classes are now called the ''Benson-Gleaves'' class. In some references both classes are combined and called the ''Benson'' class.[ The ''Benson''- and ''Gleaves''-class destroyers were the backbone of the pre-war ]Neutrality Patrol
On September 3, 1939, the British and French declarations of war on Germany initiated the Battle of the Atlantic. The United States Navy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) established a combined air and ship patrol of the United States Atlantic co ...
s and participated in every major naval campaign of the war.
Related classes
See: Benson-class destroyer#Related classes
Design
The ''Gleaves'' class was designed as an improved version of the with two stacks and a new "echeloned" machinery arrangement that featured alternating boiler and engine rooms, designed to give the ships a better chance at surviving torpedo damage. Loss of one compartment, or even two adjacent compartments, would no longer disable the entire propulsion system. This design was credited with the survival of after she was torpedoed by the near Iceland
Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...
in October 1941, before the US entered the war. The ''Benson''-''Gleaves'' class also introduced quintuple torpedo tube
A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes.
There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboa ...
mounts. Their scantlings, or framing dimensions, were increased to carry the weight of the new machinery. This increased the ships' displacement by about seventy tons, to 1630 tons standard displacement
The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight. As the term indicates, it is measured indirectly, using Archimedes' principle, by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship, then converting that value into wei ...
.[Gardiner and Chesneau, pp. 128–129] Twenty ships (DD-493–497, 618–628, and 645–648) had square-faced bridges in an attempt to speed production.[
]
Engineering
The ''Gleaves'' class were all completed with steam (references vary) superheated to , double-reduction gearing, and cruising turbines.[ The main ]steam turbine
A steam turbine or steam turbine engine is a machine or heat engine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work utilising a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Par ...
s were designed and built by Westinghouse.[
]
Armament
The class was completed with four or five dual purpose guns (anti-surface and anti-aircraft
Anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) is the counter to aerial warfare and includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It encompasses surface-based, subsurface ( submarine-launched), and air-ba ...
(AA)), controlled by a Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System as in the previous ''Sims'' class. The introduction of two centerline quintuple torpedo tube mounts in the ''Benson''-''Gleaves'' class was a significant improvement and was continued in subsequent World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
classes. This allowed a broadside of ten tubes with savings in space and weight compared to previous classes, which had twelve or sixteen tubes and an eight-tube broadside.[ However, most of the ''Gleaves'' class spent most of the war with only five torpedo tubes equipped in favor of greater light ]anti-aircraft
Anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) is the counter to aerial warfare and includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It encompasses surface-based, subsurface ( submarine-launched), and air-ba ...
armament. This varied considerably in different ships as the war went on; for example, the specified pair of twin guns were not widely available until mid-1942 and a quadruple gun mount and a gun were temporarily substituted.[ In 1945 sixteen ships (DD-423, 424, 429–432, 435, 437–440, 443, 497, 623, 624, and 628) were modified for maximum light AA armament as an anti-'']kamikaze
, officially , were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to d ...
'' measure, with four 5-inch guns, no torpedo tubes, twelve 40 mm guns in two quad and two twin mounts and four 20 mm guns in two twin mountings.[ Photographs indicate that, as with most pre-1942 destroyers, the initial ]anti-submarine
An anti-submarine weapon (ASW) is any one of a number of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew, to destroy (sink) the vessel or reduce its capability as a weapon of war. In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon ...
armament of two depth charge
A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon designed to destroy submarine
A submarine (often shortened to sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited ...
tracks was augmented with four or six K-gun
A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon designed to destroy submarines by detonating in the water near the target and subjecting it to a destructive hydraulic shock. Most depth charges use high explosives with a fuze set to det ...
depth charge throwers in 1941–42 on most ships. In 1943 twelve ships (DD-493, 609, 620, 622, 623, 635, 637–639, and 646–648) were temporarily equipped with three Mousetrap
A mousetrap is a specialized type of animal trap designed primarily to catch and, usually, kill Mouse, mice. Mousetraps are usually set in an indoor location where there is a suspected infestation of rodents. Larger traps are designed to catch ...
ASW rocket launchers, but this was unsuccessful and the only such installation on post-1930 US destroyers. They were removed beginning in March 1944.[
]
Habitability
Chief petty officers had quarters in the forecastle. All other enlisted sailors had a bunk in large open living compartments astern of the engineering spaces. Beneath each tier of bunks were individual lockers with a wooden grate floor. As seawater entered the compartment during rough weather, the wooden grate was intended to lift the locker contents above the deck and allow the seawater to drain out as it sloshed over the deck when the ship rolled. No laundry was included in the original design, but a single washing machine was later installed in a compartment the size of a closet. Clothing could be washed and spun damp to be hung to dry wherever space allowed.
DMS conversions
Twenty-four ''Gleaves''-class ships were converted to destroyer minesweeper
Destroyer minesweeper was a designation given by the United States Navy to a series of destroyers that were converted into high-speed ocean-going minesweepers for service during World War II. The hull classification symbol for this type of ship was ...
s (DMS-19 through DMS-42) in 1944 and 1945.[Friedman, pp. 108–109] Twelve Atlantic Fleet ships (DD-454–458, 461, 462, 464, 621, 625, 636, and 637) were converted in 1944, with the rest in the Pacific in 1945 (DD-489, 490, 493–496, 618, 627, and 632–635). Magnetic and acoustic minesweeping
Minesweeping is the practice of removing explosive naval mines, usually by a specially designed ship called a minesweeper using various measures to either capture or detonate the mines, but sometimes also with an aircraft made for that purpos ...
gear was fitted, with armament reduced to three 5 in guns, no torpedo tubes, two K-guns, four 40 mm guns in two twin mounts, and seven 20 mm guns on the Atlantic ships. The Pacific ships and ''Hobson'' had increased light AA armament, with eight 40 mm guns in two quad mounts and six 20 mm guns in two twin and two single mounts. Twelve DMS conversions were the only ''Benson''-''Gleaves''-class ships retained in service postwar. However, they were judged ineffective in the Korean War
The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
due to requiring a large crew compared with purpose-built minesweeper
A minesweeper is a small warship designed to remove or detonate naval mines. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, minesweepers keep waterways clear for safe shipping.
History
The earliest known usage of ...
s, and were decommissioned in 1954–56.
Service
Twenty-one were in commission when the Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
attacked Pearl Harbor. A total of sixty-six were built, of which eleven were lost to enemy action during World War II: ''Gwin'', ''Meredith'', ''Monssen'', ''Bristol'', ''Emmons'', ''Aaron Ward'', ''Duncan'', ''Beatty'', ''Glennon'', ''Corry'', and ''Maddox''. Six of these were in the Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is bounded by the cont ...
, two were off Normandy
Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.
Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...
, and three were in the Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...
. ''Ingraham'' was lost in a collision with an oiler in 1942, and ''Turner'' was lost to an internal explosion in 1944.
Most were decommissioned and placed in the Reserve Fleet
A reserve fleet is a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed; they are partially or fully Ship decommissioning, decommissioned. A reserve fleet is informally said to be "in mothba ...
just following World War II. Twelve DMS conversions remained in commission into the 1950s, the last withdrawn from service in 1956. ''Hobson'' was sunk in a collision with the aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and hangar facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering carrier-based aircraft, shipborne aircraft. Typically it is the ...
in 1952. ''Baldwin'' grounded while under tow and was scuttled
Scuttling is the act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull, typically by its crew opening holes in its hull.
Scuttling may be performed to dispose of an abandoned, old, or captured vessel; to prevent the vesse ...
in 1961 while out of commission, thus is not counted as a loss.
Eleven ships of the class were transferred to foreign navies 1949–1959; two to Greece, four to Turkey, one to Italy, two to Taiwan, and two to Japan. On 19 October 1954 and were transferred to the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force where they served as JDS ''Asakaze'' and JDS ''Hatakaze'', the latter was further transferred to Taiwan in 1970 as ''Hsien Yang'' to replace the ex-''Rodman'' of the same name.
Modernization was considered in the 1950s but not implemented except on the transferred ships.[Friedman, pp. 107–108] Those ships not transferred to other countries were mostly sold for scrap in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[
]
Ships in class
Film appearances
The 1954 movie ''The Caine Mutiny
''The Caine Mutiny'' is a 1951 Pulitzer Prize–winning novel by Herman Wouk. The novel grew out of Wouk's personal experiences aboard two destroyer-minesweepers in the Pacific Theater in World War II. Among its themes, it deals with the mo ...
'' was filmed on and possibly . In the 1951 novel, ''Caine'' is a or destroyer minesweeper
Destroyer minesweeper was a designation given by the United States Navy to a series of destroyers that were converted into high-speed ocean-going minesweepers for service during World War II. The hull classification symbol for this type of ship was ...
.
The destroyer shown in the opening and closing scenes of the movie musical '' On the Town'' is .
See also
* List of destroyers of the United States Navy
*List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy
A list is a set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of the list-maker, but ...
* List of destroyer-minesweepers
* List of ship classes of the Second World War
References
Destroyerhistory.org: Benson/Gleaves ship list
*
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External links
''Benson''- and ''Gleaves''-class destroyers
a
Destroyer History Foundation
''Gleaves''-class destroyers
a
Destroyer History Foundation
USS ''Gleaves'' (DD-423) and USS ''Niblack'' (DD-424) General Information Book with as-built data
a
Destroyer History Foundation
* ttp://www.navsource.org/archives/05idx.htm NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page
{{WWII US ships
Destroyer classes
Gleaves-class_destroyer