Giuseppina Aliverti (1894 – 1982) was an Italian
geophysicist
Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and properties of Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists conduct investigations acros ...
specializing in several fields of terrestrial physics. She is remembered for developing the Aliverti-Lovera method of measuring the
radioactivity
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is conside ...
of water.
Biography
Born in
Somma Lombardo (
Varese
Varese ( , ; or ; ; ; archaic ) is a city and ''comune'' in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 was 80,559.
It is the capital of the Province of Varese. The hinterland or exurban part ...
), Italy on 4 December 1894, Giuseppina had at least one sister, Teresa Aliverti with whom she remained very close. Giuseppina Aliverti graduated with honours in physics in 1919 from the
University of Turin
The University of Turin (Italian language, Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Torino'', UNITO) is a public university, public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont (Italy), Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the List ...
.
From 1932 to 1935, she was the professor in charge of
geodesy
Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the Figure of the Earth, geometry, Gravity of Earth, gravity, and Earth's rotation, spatial orientation of the Earth in Relative change, temporally varying Three-dimensional spac ...
and geophysics in
Turin
Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...
, and then from 1936 to 1951 she taught terrestrial physics as well.
In 1937, the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry announced that Aliverti had the top scores in a geophysics competition and as the winner, she became the director of the Geophysical Observatory of
Pavia, Italy while, at the same time, she taught terrestrial physics at the
University of Pavia
The University of Pavia (, UNIPV or ''Università di Pavia''; ) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest un ...
.
Aliverti moved to
Naples
Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...
in 1949 to continue her teaching career at the Naval University Institute there (now called the
Parthenope University) where she was chair of
meteorology
Meteorology is the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and short-term atmospheric phenomena (i.e. weather), with a focus on weather forecasting. It has applications in the military, aviation, energy production, transport, agricultur ...
and
oceanography
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of to ...
. There, she became dean of the faculty of nautical sciences from 1960 until 1970, when she retired.
Aliverti died in
Naples
Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...
on 10 June 1982.
Research summary
Aliverti's official research began in 1920 with studies on the concentrations of electrolytic deposits. Expanding on her work on
terrestrial physics, she started a line of experiments on electricity and the natural radioactivity of the atmosphere. In 1937, her work earned her the ten-year prize awarded by the Italian Society for the Progress of Sciences for Geophysical Studies.
Working with physicist Giuseppe Lovera (1912–1990), and using a procedure that she developed with him (known as the Aliverti-Lovera method), she enabled researchers to calculate the radioactivity of water.
According to Linguerri, her radioactivity research was significant.
Thanks to the development of a quantitative method to measure the radioactivity of the air based on the properties of the electric effluvium, she was able to determine the contribution that radioactivity gives to the ionization of the air. In particular, she found that the atmospheric air near the continental soil always contains radon
Radon is a chemical element; it has symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive noble gas and is colorless and odorless. Of the three naturally occurring radon isotopes, only Rn has a sufficiently long half-life (3.825 days) for it to b ...
as well as the products of its disintegration and sometimes even thorium
Thorium is a chemical element; it has symbol Th and atomic number 90. Thorium is a weakly radioactive light silver metal which tarnishes olive grey when it is exposed to air, forming thorium dioxide; it is moderately soft, malleable, and ha ...
. Conversely, she detected the scarce presence of radioactivity in the sea air.
Later, collaborating again with Lovera, Aliverti made notable advances in marine aerosol research. Because she was a member of a subcommittee for
oceanography
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of to ...
of Italy's
National Research Council (CNR), she developed the itinerary for five scientific cruises in the
Tyrrhenian Sea
The Tyrrhenian Sea (, ; or ) , , , , is part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy. It is named for the Tyrrhenians, Tyrrhenian people identified with the Etruscans of Italy.
Geography
The sea is bounded by the islands of C ...
that were carried out between 1958 and 1960. The data collected on those trips allowed researchers to calculate the average annual evaporation of this sea and was the starting point for future surveys of the
Strait of Gibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa.
The two continents are separated by 7.7 nautical miles (14.2 kilometers, 8.9 miles) at its narrowest point. Fe ...
(1961) and the
Tyrrhenian Sea
The Tyrrhenian Sea (, ; or ) , , , , is part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy. It is named for the Tyrrhenians, Tyrrhenian people identified with the Etruscans of Italy.
Geography
The sea is bounded by the islands of C ...
(1963).
Other academic interests
Even as she pursued her primary passion of physical oceanography, Aliverti continued until her last years to study atmospheric electricity and
glaciology
Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, clim ...
, in collaboration with researchers at the
University of Turin
The University of Turin (Italian language, Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Torino'', UNITO) is a public university, public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont (Italy), Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the List ...
at Col d'Olen in the
Aosta Valley
The Aosta Valley ( ; ; ; or ), officially the Autonomous Region of Aosta Valley, is a mountainous Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is bordered by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Fr ...
. Then she studied the mountains from a mathematical perspective working with the
mathematical physicist Carlo Somigliana. She was particularly interested in the Lys glacier on
Monte Rosa
Monte Rosa (; ; ; or ; ) is a mountain massif in the eastern part of the Pennine Alps, on the border between Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley) and Switzerland (Valais). The highest peak of the massif, amongst several peaks of over , is the D ...
.
The Aliverti-Lovera cosmic ray tool
According to the
Archiepiscopal seminary of Milan, it maintained its own terrestrial physics observatory, which included the Aliverti-Lovera cosmic ray tool for measuring cosmic radiation.
The Observatory's activities covered meteorology, seismology
Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (''seismós'') meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (''-logía'') meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic ...
, atmospheric electricity, radioactivity
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is conside ...
and cosmic radiation
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Sol ...
. After some time in fact, the Observatory was equipped with an instrument signed ''ALIVERTI-LOVERA'' and built by the well-known technicians and instrument ''makers MASERA and VASCHETTI'' of Turin. It consisted of a Wulf electrometer and four ionization chamber
The ionization chamber is the simplest type of gaseous ionisation detector, and is widely used for the detection and measurement of many types of ionizing radiation, including X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles and beta particles. Conventionall ...
s with a high voltage power supply. This was the first of the tools adopted to investigate radioactivity and cosmic rays; it should be remembered that in those years the ionization chambers connected to electrometers were the best and most modern tools for making this type of measurement.
Memberships
* Member of the
Pontaniana Academy of Naples (1958)
* Corresponding member of the National Academy of the Lincei (1964)
* Corresponding member of the Lombard Institute's Academy of Sciences and Letters of Milan (1969).
Selected honours
* Gold Medal of Merit of School, Culture and Art (1963)
* Grand Officer of Merit of the Italian Republic (1971)
* Gold Medal of the Faculty of Nautical Sciences of the Naval University of Naples (1971)
Selected works
Aliverti authored numerous academic papers; the following have been cited by other authors most frequently.
*Aliverti, Giuseppina, and M. C. Montù. "Su inversioni del campo elettrico terrestre a cielo sereno e una loro possibile spiegazione." ''Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942)'' 8.1 (1931): 15-21.
*Aliverti, Giuseppina, and Giuseppe Lovera. ''I fenomeni meteorologici sull'Oceano e il campo elettrico terrestre''. R. Accademia Delle Scienze, 1939.
*Aliverti, Giuseppina. "La condensazione del vapor d'acqua nell'atmosfera." ''Ricercu sci. 12, 1251'' 1260 (1941).
*Aliverti, Giuseppina. "La salinità delle precipitazioni a Pavia nel periodo ottobre 1944-ottobre 1945." ''Ricerca sci. e ricostruz'' 16 (1946): 929-931.
*Aliverti, Giuseppina, Arturo De Maio, and Mario Picotti. ''Sulla evaporazione annua dal Tirreno meridionale''. Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico Trieste, 1959.
*AAliverti, Giuseppina. ''Glaciologia''. Consiglio Naz. delle Ricerche, 1964.
*Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. Commissione per la oceanografia e la limnologia, et al. ''Atlante del Mar Tirreno: Isoterme ed isoaline dedotte dalle misure eseguite durante le crociere per l'anno geofisico internazionale 1957-1958''. Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, 1968.
*Aliverti, Giuseppina, and Arturo De Maio. "SOPRA UN "SURGE" DI ACQUA ACCADUTO SUL GHIACCIAIO DEL LYS (Mone Rosa)." (1973).
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aliverti, Giuseppina
1894 births
1982 deaths
Italian geophysicists
Italian geodesists
Italian women physicists
20th-century Italian physicists
20th-century Italian women scientists
People from Somma Lombardo
University of Turin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Turin
Academic staff of the University of Pavia
Academic staff of the Parthenope University of Naples
Italian oceanographers
Women oceanographers
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
National Research Council (Italy) people