Girolamo Graziani
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Girolamo Graziani ( , ; 1 October 1604 – 12 September 1675) was an Italian poet and diplomat. Graziani was one of the most famous poets of the 17th century, but his fame didn't survive him. During his life he was appreciated mainly for his epic poems '' La Cleopatra'' (1632) and '' Il Conquisto di Granata'' (1650). The latter has been the source for
Giacomo Leopardi Count Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi (29 June 1798 – 14 June 1837) was an Italian philosopher, poet, essayist, and philologist. Considered the greatest Italian poet of the 19th century and one of the greatest a ...
's ''
Consalvo Consalvo, also occasionally spelled Gonsalvo and also rarely Consalvos, is an Italian male given name. It also occurs as a surname. Its name day is February the 5th. Origin It is derived from the medieval Latin name Gundisalvus, which was the Lat ...
'' (1833). In fact, the plot (Love in the imminence of death) and the names of the main characters (Consalvo and Elvira) of Leopardi's ''Consalvo'' seem to come from Graziani's poem.


Biography

Girolamo Graziani (1604–1675) was born in
Pergola A pergola is most commonly used as an outdoor garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support crossbeams and a sturdy open lattice, often upon which woody vines are t ...
, near
Urbino Urbino ( , ; Romagnol: ''Urbìn'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Italy, Italian region of Marche, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially und ...
, but he spent most of his life in
Modena Modena (, ; ; ; ; ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It has 184,739 inhabitants as of 2025. A town, and seat of an archbis ...
. His father was a law attendant in the ''
Sacra Rota Romana The Roman Rota, formally the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota (), and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience, is the highest appellate court, appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church, with respect to both Latin Church members and the Ea ...
''. Graziani earned a degree in Arts and Law from the
University of Bologna The University of Bologna (, abbreviated Unibo) is a Public university, public research university in Bologna, Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students () by the late 12th century. It is the ...
. Graziani spent most of his life at the Este court of Modena, as State Secretary. In his diplomatic career, he helped establish close diplomatic ties with the court of France, especially as of the 1650s, when the niece of
Cardinal Mazarin Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Lou ...
, Laura Martinozzi, became the new Duchess of Modena. In 1673, during the governance of Laura Martinozzi, he managed, as Este's
ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or so ...
, the diplomatic aspect of the marriage between Laura Martinozzi's daughter,
Maria Beatrice d'Este Mary of Modena (; ) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland as the second wife of James VII and II. A devout Roman Catholic, Mary married the widower James, who was then the younger brother and heir presumptive of Charles II. She was devo ...
(1658–1718), and James Stuart (who will become King
James II of England James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II of England, Charles II, on 6 February 1 ...
). The marriage had been sponsored by
Louis XIV of France LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...
: it was reported that the French king might even provide a
dowry A dowry is a payment such as land, property, money, livestock, or a commercial asset that is paid by the bride's (woman's) family to the groom (man) or his family at the time of marriage. Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price ...
for the occasion. In the same year, Graziani published his tragedy '' Il Cromuele'', expressly unrespectful of Aristotle's rules. It deals with the theme of the dark cruel tyrant, (
Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in British history. He came to prominence during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, initially ...
) and the royalty prophanation (
Charles I of England Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of Kingdom of England, England, Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland from 27 March 1625 until Execution of Charles I, his execution in 1649. Charles was born ...
's martyrdom). Graziani published his first book of poetry at the age of sixteen, and was a member of the
Accademia degli Incogniti The Accademia degli Incogniti (Academy of the Unknowns), also called the Loredanian Academy, was a learned society of freethinking intellectuals, mainly Venetian nobility, noblemen, that significantly influenced the cultural and political life of ...
of Venice and the Accademia dei Gelati of Bologna. His published works include poetry, political writings, panegyrics, laudatory and love sonnets, and two epic poems, ''La Cleopatra'' (Venice: Sarzina, 1632) and ''Il Conquisto di Granata'', which had five editions in the seventeenth century.. ''Il'' ''Conquisto di Granata'' is considered the masterpiece of seventeenth-century epic poetry and the third peak of the Italian heroic tradition, besides the ''
Orlando Furioso ''Orlando furioso'' (; ''The Frenzy of Orlando'') is an Italian epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto which has exerted a wide influence on later culture. The earliest version appeared in 1516, although the poem was not published in its complete form ...
'' and the ''
Jerusalem Delivered ''Jerusalem Delivered'', also known as ''The Liberation of Jerusalem'' ( ; ), is an epic poem by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso, first published in 1581, that tells a largely mythified version of the First Crusade in which Christian knights, l ...
''.According to Derek Hughes ''Il Conquisto'' “is probably the best seventeenth-century epic of Christian warfare”. Cf. According to some of his contemporary biographers, he also made any effort in order to publish an "Historia" about the period between the end of Castro's War and the
Treaty of the Pyrenees The Treaty of the Pyrenees(; ; ) was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635. Negotiations were conducted and the treaty was signed on Pheasant Island, situated in the middle of the Bidasoa River on ...
, but the "Historia" was not published, and has since been lost.


Bibliography


Books written by Girolamo Graziani

* ''Rime di Girolamo Graziani della Pergola. Al Sereniss.Sig. e Padrone il sig.re Principe di Urbino'', Parma, Anteo Viotti, 1621 * ''L'Iride, per le nozze serenissime di Maria Farnese Principessa di Parma e Francesco d'Este Duca di Modena. Canzone'', Reggio, Flaminio Bartoli, 1631 in−4° * ''La Cleopatra. Poema in XIII Canti'', Venezia, Sarzina, 1632 in−24°. Next editions: Venezia, 1633 in−12°; Bologna, Per Carlo Zenero, 1652 in−12° e in−24°; Venezia, Francesco Brogiollo, 1670 in−12°. * ''La Calisto. Panegirico in sesta rima alle glorie di Cristina regina di Svezia'', Parigi, Agostino Courbé, 1644 in−4° Next editions: Modena, Soliani, 1656 in−4° * ''Nelle Nozze di Margherita d'Este e di Fernando Gonzaga Duchi di Guastalla. Canzone'', Modena, Soliani, 1647 in−4° * ''Lettera che mostra le ragioni per le quali il Sig. Duca di Modena fu costretto al partito Francese. Scritta dal Conte Graziani, Segretario e Consigliere di Stato di S.A.S. ad un prelato e Ministro Principalissimo'', di Modana, 13 settembre 1647, in: Vittorio Siri (ed.) ''Il Mercurio'', Casale-Crone-Parigi-Firenze, s.s., 1642–1682, Tomo X (1648), pagg. 671-8 * ''Lo Specchio della Gloria nelle Nozze de i Serenissimi Principi Francesco D'Este e Vittoria Farnese Duchi di Modana.Epitalamio del Sig. Girolamo Gratiani Segre-tario di S.A. Serenissima. Sestine'', Modena, Cassiani, 1648 in 4° * ''Il Conquisto di Granata. Poema in XXVI Canti cogli argomenti di Flaminio Calvi'', Modena, Soliani, 1650 in−4°. Next editions: Napoli, Molo oberto Mollo? 1651 in−12°; Parigi, chez le Sieur des Rotieurs, 1654, 2 Tomi, in −12° ith French Prefaction Milano, Filippo Ghisolfi, 1666 [We due the information about this edition to the ''Indice de' libri appartenuti alla Contessa Graziani Baglioni'', ms. cart. del XV-III sec. at the Biblioteca Estense Universitaria of Modena, coll: d-K-3,20]; Bologna, Manolessi, 1670 in−24°; Venezia, Combi e la Noù, 1684 in−12°; Venezia, Zatta, 1768; Colle Pacini, Eusebio, 1816, 2 Voll. in−12°; also in: ''Il Parnaso Italiano'' care of A.Peretti e A.Cappelli, Antonelli, Venezia, 1832–1851, Volume II, pagg. XII+328 * ''La Gara delle Stagioni. Torneo a cavallo, rappresentato in Modena nel passaggio de' Sereniss. Arciduchi Ferdinando Carlo, Sigismondo Francesco d'Austria, ed Arciduchessa Anna di Toscana'', Modena, Cassiani, 1652 in−4° * ''Il Colosso Sacro. Alle Glorie del Card. Mazzarino. Panegirico in Sesta Rima'', Parigi, Stamperia reale, 1655 in-folio * ''Breve e sincerissima informazione di quanto è sucesso negli emergenti ultimamente occorsi per l'invasione seguita delle Armi Spagnuole ne' Stati del Duca di Modena'', Modena, Cassiani, 1655 in−8° * ''Apologia dell'Informazione pubblicata dal Segretario del Duca di Modena dopo la ritirata dell'Armi Spagnuole dall'invasione de' Stati di S.A.S.. Opera curiosa ed elegante di un Cittadino Modenese. E per maggiore comodità e soddisfazione de' lettori si è qui inserita l'informazione suddetta.'', s.l. odena s.s. assiani? 1655 in-folio * ''Il Trionfo della Virtù. Festa d'Armi a Cavallo rappresentata nella nascita del Serenissimo Principe di Modena'', Modena, Soliani, 1660 in−12° * ''Varie Poesie e Prose'', Modena, Soliani, 1662, in−12° * ''L'Ercole Gallico. Alle Glorie della Sacratissima Maestà del re Cristianissim. Luigi XIV. Panegirico in Sesta Rima'', Modena, Soliani, 1666 in−4° * ''Il Cromuele. Tragedia'', Bologna, Manolessi, 1671 in−4° Next editions: Modena, Soliani, 1671 in−12°; Bologna, Manolessi, 1673 in −4°; s.l. iacenza Infidi Lumi Edizioni, 1997 (Not for sale, published for the rappresentation). care of Stefano Tomassini; Pisa, Edizioni della Normale, 2011, care of Maurizio Fasce with the collaboration of Carlo Alberto Girotto, in: ''Storie Inglesi, l'Inghilterra vista dall'Italia tra storia e romanzo (XVIII sec.)'', con l'edizione del ''Cappuccino scozzese'' di G.B. Rinuccini (1644) e del ''Cromuele'' di G.Graziani (1671), edited by Clizia Carminati and Stefano Villani, pagg. 297 – 470. * ''Applauso profetico alle Glorie del re Cristianissimo Luigi XIV. panegirico in Sesta Rima'', Modena, Soliani, 1673 in−4°


Other sonnets

* "In van con mille Navi alla ruina" in: ''Applausi della Liguria'', Genova, Giuseppe Pavoni, 1638, pagg. 115-6. * "Sospendete pur voi Globi lucenti" in: ''Corone di Fiori Poetici'', Reggio, Vendrotti, 1674, pag.13. * "Vidi le mura auguste e i calli alteri" e "Mario, campo di guerra è nostra vita" in: ''Parnaso modenese'', a c. di A.Peretti e A.Cappelli, Modena, Vincenzini & Rossi, 1866, pagg. 199–200.


Main articles and books about Girolamo Graziani

* Gianfranco Loredano, ''Le Glorie degli Incogniti'', Venezia, Valvarese, 1647, pag. 272. * Lorenzo Crasso, ''Degli Elogi degli Huomini Letterati'', Venezia, per Combi e la Noù, 1666, pagg. 324-7. * Camillo Marchesini, ''Vita del Conte Girolamo Gratiani'', lost. It was composed between 1675 and il 1695; hand copy in Biblioteca Estense Universitaria of Modena [coll: Cod. Ital. DCCCXLNow in: Giulio Bertoni, ''Vita del Conte Girolamo Graziani scritta da Camillo Marchesini'', "Studi e documenti", vol. 1, fasc. II, (set. 1937-XV), pagg. 131-5 (it's the Section of Modena of the 'Regia Deputazione di Storia Patria per l'Emilia e la Romagna'). * Giovan Mario Crescimbeni, ''Storia della Volgar Poesia'', 6 voll., Venezia, presso Basengo, 1730² (the first edition in 7 volumes is of 1714), vol.6, pag.214. * Egidio Giannini, ''Memorie Istoriche di Pergola e degli Uomini illustri di Essa'', Urbino, s.s., 1732. * Giovanni Cinelli Calvoli, ''Biblioteca Volante'', Venezia, s.s., 1746, pagg. 72–3. * Francesco Saverio Quadrio, ''Storia della Volgar Poesia'', 7 voll., Milano, Francesco Angeli, 1749, vo-l.6, pag. 688. * Ludovico Antonio Muratori, ''Antichità Estensi'', Modena, Stamperia Ducale, 1760. * Girolamo Tiraboschi, ''Biblioteca Modenese'', 6 tomi, Modena, Soliani, 1783, tomo III, pagg. 12–22. * Fil. Vecchietti e Tom. Moro, ''Biblioteca Picena'', 2 voll.,Osimo, 1790–91, pag. 145. * Antonio Peretti e A. Cappelli, ''Prefazione al "Conquisto di Granata"'', in: ''Parnaso Italiano'', 2 voll., Venezia, Antonelli, 1832–51, vol. 2, pagg. I-XII. * Francesco Ilari, ''Biografia di Girolamo Graziani'', in: ''Biografie e ritratti di Uomini illustri piceni'', a c. di A.Hercolani, 2 voll., Forlì, Hercolani Editore, 1837, vol.1, pagg. 105–12. * Antonio Belloni, ''Gli Epigoni della "Gerusalemme Liberata"'', Padova, Angelo Draghi, 1893, pagg. 320–43. * Ida Malfatti, ''Girolamo Graziani'', "la Rassegna Nazionale", vol. CXXXIII, anno XXV (sett. ott. 1903), pagg. 203–20. * Emilio Bertana, ''L'irregolarità del teatro profano: il "Cromuele" di Girolamo Graziani'', in: Storia dei generi letterari italiani, la Tragedia, Milano, Vallardi, s.d. 916? pagg. 200–10. * Benedetto Croce, ''Storia dell'età barocca in Italia'', in: ''Scritti di storia letteraria e politica'', Bari, Laterza, 1924, pagg. 282–8. * Giulio Bertoni, ''Gerolamo Graziani e Jean Chapelain'', "Archivum Romanicum", vol. XX (1936), pagg. 505–6. * Antonio Belloni, ''Di una probabile fonte del "Consalvo" di Giacomo Leopardi'', Milano, Albighi-Segati, 1903, pagg. 261–8. * Id. ''Il Seicento'', in: ''Storia letteraria d'Italia'', Milano, Vallardi, 1938² (la prima ed. è s.d.), pagg. 203–7. * Luigi Amorth, ''Modena Capitale''. Storia di Modena e de' suoi Duchi dal 1598 al 1860, Modena, Aedes Muratoria, 1961 (è il n° 1 delle Monografie di Storie Locali della Deputazione di Storia Patria e per le antiche Province Modenesi). 2ª ediz. con aggiornamenti, ivi, a cura della Banca Popolare di Modena, 1963, pagg. 125–34. * Petre Ciureanu, Introduzione a: ''Jean Chapelain, Lettere inedite a corrispondenti italiani'', con intr. e note di P. C., Genova, Di Stefano, 1964, pagg. LXXXV-LXXXVII e "passim". * Claudio Varese, ''Teatro, Poesia e Prosa'' in: ''Storia della Letteratura Italiana'' a c. di E. Cecchi e N. Sapegno, Milano, Garzanti, 1967, nuova ed. acc. e aggiorn. 1988, vol.5, pagg. 878–82. * Alberto Barbieri, ''Modenesi da Ricordare. Letterati'', Modena, Soc.Tipografica-Editrice modenese Mucchi, 1970, pag. 67. * Piero Di Nepi, ''Il "Conquisto di Granata" e l'epica del Seicento'', "Il Veltro", anno XX (1976), nn. 1/2, pagg. 94–104. * Giovanni Bertuzzi (a c. di), ''Modena, vicende e protagonisti'', 3 voll., Bologna, Edizioni Edison, 1978, vol. 3 pag. 285. * Piero Di Nepi, ''Girolamo Graziani e la politica come arte: "Cromuele"'', "F.M. Annali dell'Istituto di Filologia Moderna dell'Università di Roma, 2-1979, Roma, 1981, pagg. 113-24 (recensito da Fulvio Bianchi in: "La Rassegna della Letteratura italiana" diretta da Walter Binni, sett. dic. 1982, pagg. 620-1). * Rosa Galli Pellegrini, ''La Tragédie Italienne à l'école du classicisme Français: le rôle de Chapelain dans la genèse du "Cromuele" de Graziani'', "Quaderni del Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne, Università di Genova", 2–1987, pp. 35–57. * Gian Piero Maragoni'', L’onda e la spira. Saggio di ricerca sull’artificio anacronico nel Coquisto di Granada di Girolamo Graziani'', Bulzoni, Roma, 1989. * Maurizio Fasce, Introduzione e note alla edizione de ''Il Cromuele'', with the collaboration of Carlo Alberto Girotto, ''Storie Inglesi, l'Inghilterra vista dall'Italia tra storia e romanzo (XVIII sec.)'', edited by Clizia Carminati and Stefano Villani, Edizioni della Normale, Pisa, 2011, pagg. 297 – 330. *


Notes


External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Graziani, Girolamo 1604 births 1675 deaths People from Pergola, Marche Italian poets Italian male poets Italian Baroque writers