''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' is a species of
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...
in the family
Fabaceae
Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,[International Code of Nomen ...](_blank)
, native to tropical rain forests in Central Africa. It is often the dominant tree species of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest. The timber is traded as ''limbali'', and is used for construction, flooring and railway sleepers. It is also used for making boats, furniture, tool handles and joinery and for making charcoal.
Description
''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' is a large evergreen tree, reaching a height of up to . The
crown
A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, parti ...
is dense and allows little light through. The unbuttressed
trunk is cylindrical, with a diameter of up to or more, the lower half usually being devoid of branches. The
bark
Bark may refer to:
Common meanings
* Bark (botany), an outer layer of a woody plant such as a tree or stick
* Bark (sound), a vocalization of some animals (which is commonly the dog)
Arts and entertainment
* ''Bark'' (Jefferson Airplane album), ...
is rough, greyish-brown or yellowish brown, peeling off in large flakes. The leaves are pendulous and leathery, the underside being covered with papillae, and they often have a few glands near the margins. They are alternate and
pinnate
Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...
with two to five pairs of leaflets. Each leaflet is ovate or elliptical, the lower leaflets being smaller than the terminal ones; they have rounded or cordate bases and obtuse apices.
[
The ]inflorescence
In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...
is a loose terminal or axillary panicle
In botany, a panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a p ...
clad with red hairs, the individual flowers being fragrant and having parts in fives. The sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106
Etymology
The term ''sepalum'' ...
s are purplish-red and fused at the base. The petal
Petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corol ...
s are unequal, one being deeply two-lobed and red, while the remainder are lanceolate. The fruits are flattened, woody pods, long by wide, with longitudinal ridges, and covered with short, dense, brown hairs. The seeds are shiny brown, oblong to triangular, flattened and up to in diameter.[
]
Distribution and habitat
''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' is native to tropical forests in Central Africa, its range including Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...
, Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...
, Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to Central African Republic–Chad border, the north, Sudan to Central African Republic–Sudan border, the northeast, South Sudan to Central ...
, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Republic of the Congo), is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is t ...
, Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. It has an area of . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name refers to its location both near the Equ ...
, Gabon
Gabon ( ; ), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, on the equator, bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and ...
, the Republic of the Congo
The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo), is a country located on the western coast of Central ...
and northern Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...
.[ It occurs in areas with an average annual precipitation of and a short dry season, at altitudes of up to . It often grows in nearly pure, single species stands.]
Ecology
The seeds of this tree are eaten by various mammal
A mammal () is a vertebrate animal of the Class (biology), class Mammalia (). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three ...
s including rodent
Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the Order (biology), order Rodentia ( ), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and Mandible, lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal specie ...
s, pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), also called swine (: swine) or hog, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is named the domestic pig when distinguishing it from other members of the genus '' Sus''. Some authorities cons ...
s, duiker
A duiker is a small to medium-sized brown antelope native to sub-Saharan Africa, found in heavily wooded areas. The 22 extant species, including three sometimes considered to be subspecies of the other species, form the subfamily Cephalophinae ...
s, African buffalo
The African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer)'' is a large sub-Saharan African bovine.
The adult African buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature: they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head, referred to ...
es, elephant
Elephants are the largest living land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant ('' Loxodonta africana''), the African forest elephant (''L. cyclotis''), and the Asian elephant ('' Elephas maximus ...
s, gorilla
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, terrestrial great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus ''Gorilla'' is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or five su ...
s and humans.
The seeds are spread when the pods split explosively. The tree casts dense shade and this suppresses herbs and undergrowth on the forest floor, but is tolerated by the tree's own seedlings and saplings to the exclusion of other species. However, the pure stands of this tree are very sensitive to habitat disturbance; the felling of trees allows more light to reach the forest floor and the seedlings of ''G. dewevrei'' are outperformed by those of other, faster growing species of tree.[
This tree has an ]ectomycorrhiza
An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobio ...
l relationship with fungi that grow on its roots, particularly '' Pulveroboletus bembae''. Several species of comet orchid grow on ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'', including '' Angraecum distichum'', '' Angraecum subulatum'', '' Angraecum aporoides'', and '' Angraecum podochiloides'', and on fallen trees and branches, '' Angraecum gabonense''.
Uses
The timber has many uses in construction and building, including ship building, railway sleepers, mine props, flooring, joinery, doors and window frames, agricultural implements, garden furniture, turnery and toys. It is not generally used for cabinet work or firewood, but makes good charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, ca ...
.[
The seeds contain certain toxic substances which can be removed by treatment. They are used for human consumption but mostly when other foods are scarce, boiled, roasted, ground into ]flour
Flour is a powder made by Mill (grinding), grinding raw grains, List of root vegetables, roots, beans, Nut (fruit), nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredie ...
for making porridge
Porridge is a food made by heating, soaking or boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain, in milk or water. It is often cooked or served with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruit, or syrup to make a sweet cereal ...
or fermented and wrapped in '' Megaphrynium macrostachyum'' leaves, and subsequently roasted. The bark, leaves and sap have uses in herbal medicine
Herbal medicine (also called herbalism, phytomedicine or phytotherapy) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of many herbal treatments ...
, and strips of the inner bark are used to make bands for carrying baskets. In the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, whole huts are constructed from this tree, with the addition of clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, ). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impuriti ...
; the main supports are made from branches and partitions from smaller branches, tied together with string made from the inner bark, and the roof is thatched with the tree's leaves.[
]
References
Further reading
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5879590
dewevrei
Flora of Cameroon
Flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Flora of Nigeria
Flora of Gabon
Taxa named by Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman