A Gibbs surround or Gibbs Surround is a type of architectural frame surrounding a door, window or niche in the tradition of classical architecture otherwise known as a rusticated doorway or window. The formula is not fixed, but several of the following elements will be found. The door is surrounded by an

architrave In classical architecture, an architrave (; from it, architrave "chief beam", also called an epistyle; from Greek ἐπίστυλον ''epistylon'' "door frame") is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns. The term can ...

, or perhaps consists of, or is flanked by, pilasters or columns. These are with "blocking", where rectangular blocks stick out at intervals, usually alternating to represent half the surround. Above the opening there are large rusticated voussoirs and a keystone and a pediment above that.Loth The most essential element is the alternation of blocking with non-blocking elements. Some definitions extend to including arches or square openings merely with alternate blocked elements that continue round the top in the same manner as the sides, as in the rectangular windows of the White House's north front basement level. Though intended for masonry in stone, the motif can be executed in other materials, especially brick, often masked in

stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and a ...

, wood, or just paint. British vernacular housing of the late 19th century often uses alternating coloured blocks, with little or no projection from the main wall plane, but emphasized by a different colour from the main wall. These can be seen even on small terraced houses, often using cast stone, and used on both the door and ground floor windows.

History

Gibbs surround is named after the architect James Gibbs, who often used it and popularized it in England, for example at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. Here the side doors have surrounds with all the details including pediments, while the round-topped windows along the sides have Gibbs surrounds if the broadest definition is used. However, Gibbs certainly did not invent it. The formula can be found in Ancient Roman architecture, and became popular in Renaissance architecture from the early 16th century. Gibbs illustrated a version in his pattern-book ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), though there the blocking stopped at the edge of the architrave. More often the blocking overlies it. This was swiftly plagiarized by rival books such as

William Salmon William Salmon (1644–1713) was an English empiric doctor and a writer of medical texts. He advertised himself as a "Professor of Physick". Salmon held an equivocal place in the medical community. He led apothecaries in opposing attempts by ...

's ''Palladio Londinensis'' (1734), which credits Andrea Palladio (d. 1580) with the origin of what Salmon calls a "Rustick Window and door". The name is mainly used in Britain and other English-speaking countries, where the type was also most popular and long-lasting. As a relatively simple but effective way of ornamenting an opening it was widely used for minor doors or windows in grand buildings, and the main door of more modest ones. The front door of Gibbs' medium-sized country house, Ditchley House, uses the device, which he also used in the Fellows' Building of King's College, Cambridge and Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire. A version with columns rather than a moulded architrave was illustrated by Sebastiano Serlio in 1537, where the voussoirs but not the keystone push up past the bottom edge of the pediment. Variations of this style are seen, for example, in the upper-floor windows of Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza (apparently part of the additions by Palladio), where only the keystone breaks into the pediment. The effect of a Gibbs surround is achieved round the doors of the south front of the Petit Trianon by stopping the horizontally banded rustication short in alternate levels. Early examples in America, derived from the many English pattern-books used there, include the Aquia Church in Virginia of the 1750s and

St. Paul's Chapel St. Paul's Chapel is a chapel building of Trinity Church, an episcopal parish, located at 209 Broadway, between Fulton Street and Vesey Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1766, it is the oldest surviving church building in Man ...

in Manhattan, completed in 1766. Serlio XXIX.jpg, Serlio, rusticated doorway with columns, 1537 Vicenza 51 (8187090475).jpg, Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza, Palladio, mid-16th century Church of SS. Peter and Paul, Drumcondra - geograph.org.uk - 544266.jpg, Church door in Ireland with a Gibbs surround Ленина 58 - окно.JPG, Russian window, Yekaterinburg, using Corinthian pilasters Aquia Church 2012-09-11 11-11-22.jpg, Aquia Church, Virginia, 1750s Guesten and Edgar Tower, Worcester - geograph.org.uk - 194968.jpg, Georgian house in Worcester Cathedral Close Oxford Botanic Garden wall nr entrance.JPG, Oxford Botanic Garden; vermiculated blocks, and no room for a pediment, predating Gibbs Somerset House courtyard (06).JPG,

Somerset House Somerset House is a large Neoclassical complex situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge. The Georgian era quadrangle was built on the site of a Tudor palace ("O ...

, with vermiculated blocks Derby Assembly Room facade - Tramway Street, Crich Tramway Village - National Tramway Museum - Crich (15355622746).jpg, Version with columns, National Tramway Museum. Relocated facade of the old Derby Assembly Rooms, completed 1774.National Tramway Museum
/ref> Former public library, Manresa Road.jpg, On the broadest definition, the ground floor windows and the upper round window here have Gibbs surrounds Strood Byelaw houses 9029.JPG, Byelaw terraced house in

Strood Strood is a town in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, South East England. The town forms a conurbation with neighbouring towns Chatham, Rochester, Gillingham and Rainham. It lies on the northwest bank of the River Medway at its lowes ...

, using cast stone Strood Byelaw houses RW Wickham Street end terrace 9025.JPG, Another Strood house, 1896. Both of these have rusticated surface patterning on the shorter blocks.

Notes

References

*Chitham, Robert, ''The Classical Orders of Architecture'' (2007) Routledge
google books
*Fleming, John, Hugh Honour, Nikolaus Pevsner (1998) ''The Penguin Dictionary of architecture and landscape architecture,'' Penguin Books, 5th edition
Loth, Calder, "CLASSICAL COMMENTS: THE GIBBS SURROUND"
Institute of Classical Architecture & Art
English Heritage Thesaurus

External links

*{{Commons category-inline Columns and entablature Georgian architecture Door furniture Windows