Hugo Gernsback (; born Hugo Gernsbacher, August 16, 1884 – August 19, 1967) was a Luxembourgish American editor and magazine publisher whose publications included the first

science fiction magazine A science fiction magazine is a publication that offers primarily science fiction, either in a hard-copy periodical format or on the Internet. Science fiction magazines traditionally featured speculative fiction in short story, novelette, nov ...

, ''

Amazing Stories ''Amazing Stories'' is an American science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback's Experimenter Publishing. It was the first magazine devoted solely to science fiction. Science fiction stories had made regular appearance ...

''. His contributions to the genre as publisher were so significant that, along with the novelists

Jules Verne Jules Gabriel Verne (;''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary''. ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the ''Voyages extraor ...

and

H. G. Wells Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer, prolific in many genres. He wrote more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories. His non-fiction output included works of social commentary, politics, hist ...

, he is sometimes called "The Father of Science Fiction". In his honor, annual awards presented at the

World Science Fiction Convention Worldcon, officially the World Science Fiction Convention, the annual convention of the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS), is a science fiction convention. It has been held each year since 1939 (except for the years 1942 to 1945, during Wor ...

are named the " Hugos". Gernsback emigrated to the U.S. in 1904 and later became a citizen. He was also a significant figure in the electronics and radio industries, even starting a radio station, WRNY, and the world's first magazine about electronics and radio, ''

Modern Electrics ''Modern Electrics'' was a technical magazine for the amateur radio experimenter. The magazine existed between 1908 and 1914. History and profile ''Modern Electrics'' was created by Hugo Gernsback and began publication in April 1908. The maga ...

''. Gernsback died in New York City in 1967.

Personal life

Gernsback was born in 1884 in

Luxembourg City Luxembourg (; ; ), also known as Luxembourg City ( or ; ; or ), is the capital city of Luxembourg and the Communes of Luxembourg, country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxe ...

, to Berta (Dürlacher), a housewife, and Moritz Gernsbacher, a winemaker. His family was Jewish. Gernsback emigrated to the United States in 1904 and later became a

naturalized citizen Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the ...

. He married three times: to Rose Harvey in 1906, Dorothy Kantrowitz in 1921, and Mary Hancher (1914–1985) in 1951. In 1925, he founded radio station WRNY, which was broadcast from the 18th floor of the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City. In 1928, WRNY aired some of the first television broadcasts. During the show, audio stopped and each artist waved or bowed onscreen. When audio resumed, they performed. Gernsback is also considered a pioneer in

amateur radio Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is the use of the radio frequency radio spectrum, spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emer ...

. Before helping to create science fiction, Gernsback was an entrepreneur in the

electronics industry The electronics industry is the industry (economics), industry that produces electronic devices. It emerged in the 20th century and is today one of the largest global industries. Contemporary society uses a vast array of electronic devices that ar ...

, importing radio parts from Europe to the United States and helping to popularize amateur "wireless". In April 1908 he founded ''

'', the world's first magazine about both electronics and radio, called "wireless" at the time. While the cover of the magazine itself states it was a catalog, most historians note that it contained articles, features, and plotlines, qualifying it as a magazine. Under its auspices, in January 1909, he founded the Wireless Association of America, which had 10,000 members within a year. In 1912, Gernsback said that he estimated 400,000 people in the U.S. were involved in amateur radio. In 1913, he founded a similar magazine, '' The Electrical Experimenter'', which became ''Science and Invention'' in 1920. It was in these magazines that he began including scientific fiction stories alongside science journalism, including his novel ''

Ralph 124C 41+ ''Ralph 124C 41 +'', by Hugo Gernsback, is an early science fiction novel, written as a twelve-part serial in ''Modern Electrics'' magazine, which Gernsback edited, beginning in April 1911. It was compiled into novel/book form in 1925. While it ...

'', which he ran for 12 months from April 1911 in ''Modern Electrics''. Hugo Gernsback started the ''

Radio News ''Radio News'' was an American monthly technology magazine published from 1919 to 1971. The magazine was started by Hugo Gernsback as a magazine for amateur radio enthusiasts, but it evolved to cover all the technical aspects to radio and electr ...

'' magazine for amateur radio enthusiasts in 1919. He died at Roosevelt Hospital (

Mount Sinai West Mount Sinai West, opened in 1871 as Roosevelt Hospital, is affiliated with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Mount Sinai Health System. The 514-bed facility is located in the Midtown West neighborhood of New York City. The fa ...

as of 2020) in New York City on August 19, 1967, at age 83.

Science fiction

Gernsback provided a forum for the modern genre of science fiction in 1926 by founding the first magazine dedicated to it, ''

''. The inaugural April issue comprised a one-page editorial and reissues of six stories, three less than ten years old and three by Poe, Verne, and Wells. He said he became interested in the concept after reading a translation of the work of

Percival Lowell Percival Lowell (; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, and furthered theories of a ninth planet within the Solar System ...

as a child. His idea of a perfect science fiction story was "75 percent literature interwoven with 25 percent science". As an editor, he valued the goal of scientific accuracy in science fiction stories: "Not only did Gernsback establish a panel of experts——all reputable professionals from universities, museums, and institutes—to pass judgment on the accuracy of the science; he also encouraged his writers to elaborate on the scientific details they employed in their stories, comment on the impossibilities in each other's stories, and even offered his readers prize money for identifying scientific errors." He also played an important role in starting

science fiction fandom Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or fandom of people interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although ...

, by organizing the

Science Fiction League The Science Fiction League was one of the earliest associations formed by science fiction fans. It was created by Hugo Gernsback in February 1934 in the pages of ''Wonder Stories'', an early science fiction pulp magazine. Gernsback was the Leag ...

and by publishing the addresses of people who wrote letters to his magazines. Fans began to organize, and became aware of themselves as a movement, a social force; this was probably decisive for the subsequent history of the genre. Gernsback created his preferred term for the emerging genre, "scientifiction", in 1916. He is sometimes also credited with coining "science fiction" in 1929 in the preface of the first ''Science Wonder Stories'', although instances of "science-fiction" (mostly, but not always, hyphenated) have been found as far back as 1851, and the preface itself makes no mention of it being a new term. In 1929, he lost ownership of his first magazines after a bankruptcy lawsuit. There is some debate about whether this process was genuine, manipulation by publisher

Bernarr Macfadden Bernarr Macfadden (born Bernard Adolphus McFadden, August 16, 1868 – October 12, 1955) was an American proponent of physical culture, a combination of bodybuilding with nutritional and health theories. He founded the long-running magazine pu ...

, or a Gernsback scheme to begin another company. After losing control of ''Amazing Stories'', Gernsback founded two new science fiction magazines, ''Science Wonder Stories'' and ''Air Wonder Stories''. A year later, due to Depression-era financial troubles, the two were merged into ''

Wonder Stories ''Wonder Stories'' was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, ''Amazing Sto ...

'', which Gernsback continued to publish until 1936, when it was sold to

Thrilling Publications Thrilling Publications, also known as Beacon Magazines (1936–37), Better Publications (1937–43) and Standard Magazines (1943–55), was a pulp magazine publisher run by Ned Pines, publishing such titles as ''Startling Stories'' ...

and renamed ''Thrilling Wonder Stories''. Gernsback returned in 1952–53 with ''

Science-Fiction Plus ''Science-Fiction Plus'' was an American science fiction magazine published by Hugo Gernsback for seven issues in 1953. In 1926, Gernsback had launched ''Amazing Stories,'' the first science fiction magazine, but he had not been involved in t ...

''. Gernsback was noted for sharp, sometimes shady, business practices, and for paying his writers extremely low fees or not paying them at all.

H. P. Lovecraft Howard Phillips Lovecraft (, ; August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of Weird fiction, weird, Science fiction, science, fantasy, and horror fiction. He is best known for his creation of the Cthulhu Mythos. Born in Provi ...

and

Clark Ashton Smith Clark Ashton Smith (January 13, 1893 – August 14, 1961) was an influential American writer of fantasy, horror, and science fiction stories and poetry, and an artist. He achieved early recognition in California (largely through the enthusiasm ...

referred to him as "Hugo the Rat". Barry Malzberg has said:

Gernsback's venality and corruption, his sleaziness and his utter disregard for the financial rights of authors, have been well documented and discussed in critical and fan literature. That the founder of genre science fiction who gave his name to the field's most prestigious award and who was the Guest of Honor at the 1952 Worldcon was pretty much a crook (and a contemptuous crook who stiffed his writers but paid himself $100K a year as President of Gernsback Publications) has been clearly established.

Jack Williamson John Stewart Williamson (April 29, 1908 – November 10, 2006) was an American list of science fiction authors, science fiction writer, one of several called the "Dean of Science Fiction". He is also credited with one of the first uses of the t ...

, who had to hire an attorney associated with the American Fiction Guild to force Gernsback to pay him, summed up his importance for the genre:

At any rate, his main influence in the field was simply to start Amazing and Wonder Stories and get SF out to the public newsstands—and to name the genre he had earlier called "scientifiction."

Fiction

Frederik Pohl Frederik George Pohl Jr. (; November 26, 1919 – September 2, 2013) was an American list of science fiction authors, science-fiction writer, editor, and science fiction fandom, fan, with a career spanning nearly 75 years—from his first ...

said in 1965 that Gernsback's ''Amazing Stories'' published "the kind of stories Gernsback himself used to write: a sort of animated catalogue of gadgets". Gernsback's fiction includes the novel ''

''; the title is a pun on the phrase "one to foresee for many" ("one plus"). Even though ''Ralph 124C 41+'' has been described as pioneering many ideas and themes found in later SF work, it has often been neglected due to what most critics deem poor artistic quality. Author

Brian Aldiss Brian Wilson Aldiss (; 18 August 1925 – 19 August 2017) was an English writer, artist and anthology editor, best known for science fiction novels and short stories. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss, except for oc ...

called the story a "tawdry illiterate tale" and a "sorry concoction", while author and editor

Lester del Rey Lester del Rey (June 2, 1915 – May 10, 1993) was an American science fiction author and editor. He was the author of many books in the juvenile Winston Science Fiction series, and the fantasy editor at Del Rey Books, the fantasy an ...

called it "simply dreadful." While most other modern critics have little positive to say about the story's writing, ''Ralph 124C 41+'' is considered by science fiction critic

Gary Westfahl Gary Wesley Westfahl (born May 7, 1951) is an American writer and scholar of science fiction. He has written reviews for the ''Los Angeles Times'', '' The Internet Review of Science Fiction'' and Locus Online. He worked at the University of Cal ...

as "essential text for all studies of science fiction." Gernsback's second novel, ''Baron Münchausen's Scientific Adventures'', was serialized in ''Amazing Stories'' in 1928. Gernsback's third (and final) novel, ''Ultimate World'', written , was not published until 1971. Lester del Rey described it simply as "a bad book", marked more by routine social commentary than by scientific insight or extrapolation.

James Blish James Benjamin “Jimmy” Blish () was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He is best known for his ''Cities in Flight'' novels and his series of ''Star Trek'' novelizations written with his wife, J. A. Lawrence. His novel ''A Case ...

, in a caustic review, described the novel as "incompetent, pedantic, graceless, incredible, unpopulated and boring" and concluded that its publication "accomplishes nothing but the placing of a blot on the memory of a justly honored man." Gernsback combined his fiction and science into ''Everyday Science and Mechanics'' magazine, serving as the editor in the 1930s.

Legacy

In 1954, Gernsback was awarded an Officer of Luxembourg's

Order of the Oak Crown The Order of the Oak Crown (, , ) is an order (honour), order of the Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. History The Order of the Oak Crown was established in 1841 by William II of the Netherlands, Grand Duke William II, who was also King o ...

, an honor equivalent to being

knighted A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity. The concept of a knighthood ...

. The

Hugo Award The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year, given at the World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) and chosen by its members. The award is administered by th ...

s or "Hugos" are the annual achievement awards presented at the

, selected in a process that ends with vote by current Convention members. They originated and acquired the "Hugo" nickname during the 1950s and were formally defined as a convention responsibility under the name "Science Fiction Achievement Awards" early in the 1960s. The nickname soon became almost universal and its use legally protected; "Hugo Award(s)" replaced the longer name in all official uses after the 1991 cycle. Preliminary Session No. 1, Item E.2; Main Session No. 1, Item F.3 (August 30/31, 1991). In 1960 Gernsback received a special Hugo Award as "The Father of Magazine Science Fiction"."Gernsback, Hugo"
. ''The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index of Literary Nominees''.

Locus Publications ''Locus: The Magazine of The Science Fiction & Fantasy Field'', founded in 1968, is an American magazine published monthly in Oakland, California. It is the news organ and trade journal for the English-language science fiction and fantasy fields. ...

. Retrieved March 24, 2013. The

Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame The Museum of Pop Culture (or MoPOP) is a nonprofit museum in Seattle, Washington, United States, dedicated to contemporary popular culture. It was founded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen in 2000 as the Experience Music Project. Since then ...

inducted him in 1996, its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons."Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame"
. Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2013. This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004. Science fiction author

Brian W. Aldiss Brian Wilson Aldiss (; 18 August 1925 – 19 August 2017) was an English writer, artist and anthology editor, best known for science fiction novels and short stories. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss, except for oc ...

held a contrary view about Gernsback's contributions: "It is easy to argue that Hugo Gernsback ... was one of the worst disasters to hit the science fiction field ... Gernsback himself was utterly without any literary understanding. He created dangerous precedents which many later editors in the field followed." Gernsback made significant contributions to the growth of early broadcasting, mostly through his efforts as a publisher. He originated the industry of specialized publications for radio with ''Modern Electrics'' and ''Electrical Experimenter''. Later on, and more influentially, he published ''

'', which would have the largest readership among radio magazines in radio broadcasting's formative years. He edited ''Radio News'' until 1929. For a short time he hired John F. Rider to be editor. Rider was a former engineer working with the

US Army Signal Corps The United States Army Signal Corps (USASC) is a branch of the United States Army responsible for creating and managing communications and information systems for the command and control of combined arms forces. It was established in 1860 by ...

and a radio engineer for

Alfred H. Grebe Alfred Henry Grebe, Sr. ( ; 1895–October 24, 1935) was a pioneer in the radio broadcasting field. Early life Grebe was born in 1895 in the Richmond Hill, Queens, Richmond Hill neighborhood of Queens, New York City, to Henry Greb, a Horticultu ...

, a radio manufacturer. However, Rider would soon leave Gernsback and form his own publishing company, John F. Rider Publisher, New York around 1931. Gernsback made use of the magazine to promote his interests, including having his radio station's call letters on the cover starting in 1925. WRNY and ''Radio News'' were used to cross-promote each other, with programs on his station often used to discuss articles he had published, and articles in the magazine often covering program activities at WRNY. He also advocated for future directions in innovation and regulation of radio. The magazine contained many drawings and diagrams, encouraging radio listeners of the 1920s to experiment themselves to improve the technology. WRNY was often used as a laboratory to see if various radio inventions were worthwhile. Articles that were published about television were also tested in this manner when the radio station was used to send pictures to experimental television receivers in August 1928. The technology, however, required sending sight and sound one after the other rather than sending both at the same time, as WRNY only broadcast on one channel. Such experiments were expensive, eventually contributing to Gernsback's

Experimenter Publishing Experimenter Publishing was an American mass media, media company founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1915. The first magazine was ''The Electrical Experimenter'' (1913–1931) and the most notable magazines were ''Radio News'' (1919–1985) and ''Amazi ...

Company going into bankruptcy in 1929. WRNY was sold to Aviation Radio, who maintained the channel part-time to broadcast aviation weather reports and related feature programs. Along with other stations sharing the same frequency, it was acquired by

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, commonly shortened to MGM or MGM Studios) is an American Film production, film and television production and film distribution, distribution company headquartered ...

and consolidated into that company's WHN in 1934. In 2020, Eric Schockmel directed the documentary feature film ''Tune Into the Future'', which explores the life of Hugo Gernsback.

Patents and inventions

Gernsback held 80 patents by the time of his death in New York City on August 19, 1967. His first patent was a new method for manufacturing

dry cell An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its nega ...

batteries, a patent applied for on June 28, 1906, and granted February 5, 1907. Among his inventions are a combined electric hair brush and comb (), 1912; an ear cushion () in 1927; and a hydraulic fishery (), in 1955. Gernsback published a work entitled ''Music for the Deaf'' in ''The Electrical Experimenter'' describing the Physiophone, a device which converted audio into electrical impulses that could be detected by humans. He advocated this device as a method for allowing the deaf to experience music.''Music for the Deaf''. The Electrical Experimenter, vol. 7, no. 12, April 1920, vol. 7, no. 12, April 1920
/ref> Other patents held by Gernsback are related to: Incandescent Lamp, Electrorheostat Regulator, Electro Adjustable Condenser, Detectorium, Relay,

Potentiometer A potentiometer is a three- terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. The measuring instrum ...

, Electrolytic Interrupter, Rotary Variable Condenser, Luminous Electric Mirror, Transmitter, Postal Card, Telephone Headband, Electromagnetic Sounding Device, Submersible Amusement Device, The Isolator, Apparatus for Landing Flying Machines, Tuned Telephone Receiver, Electric Valve, Detector, Acoustic Apparatus, Electrically Operated Fountain, Cord Terminal, Coil Mounting, Radio Horn, Variable Condenser, Switch, Telephone Receiver, Crystal Detector, Process for Mounting Inductances, Depilator, Code Learner's Instrument.

Bibliography

Novels: * ''

'' (1911) * ''Baron Münchausen's Scientific Adventures'' (1928) * ''Ultimate World'' (1971) Short stories: * "The Electric Duel" (1927) * " The Killing Flash ( fr)" (1929) * "The Cosmatomic Flyer" Science-Fiction Plus (March 1953) Magazines edited or published: * ''Air Wonder Stories'' – July 1929 to May 1930, merged with ''Science Wonder Stories'' to form ''Wonder Stories'' * ''Amazing Detective Stories'' * ''

'' * ''Aviation Mechanics'' * ''

Electrical Experimenter ''The Electrical Experimenter'' was an American technical science magazine that was published monthly. It was established in May 1913, as the successor to '' Modern Electrics'', a combination of a magazine and mail-order catalog that had been p ...

'' – 1913 to 1920; became ''Science and Invention'' * ''Everyday Mechanics'' – from 1929; changed to ''Everyday Science and Mechanics'' as of October 1931 issue * ''Everyday Science and Mechanics'' – see ''Science and Mechanics'' * ''The Experimenter'' – originally ''Practical Electrics'', the first issue under this title was November 1924; merged into ''Science and Invention'' in 1926 * ''Facts of Life'' * ''

Flight Flight or flying is the motion (physics), motion of an Physical object, object through an atmosphere, or through the vacuum of Outer space, space, without contacting any planetary surface. This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift ass ...

'' * ''Fotocraft'' * ''French Humor'' – became ''Tidbits'' * ''Gadgets'' * ''High Seas Adventures'' * ''Know Yourself'' * ''Life Guide'' * ''Light'' * ''Luz'' * ''Milady'' * ''

'' – 1908 to 1914 (sold in 1913; new owners merged it with ''

Electrician and Mechanic ''Electrician and Mechanic'' was an American science and technology magazine published from 1890 to January 1914 when it merged with ''Modern Electrics'' to become ''Modern Electrics & Mechanics''. "Modern electrics and mechanics. Month Vol 1– ...

'') * ''Moneymaking'' * ''Motor Camper & Tourist'' * ''New Ideas for Everybody'' * ''Pirate Stories'' * ''Popular Medicine'' * ''Popular Microscopy'' – at least thru May–June 1935 (vol 1 #6) * ''Practical Electrics'' – Dec. 1921 to Oct. 1924, became ''The Experimenter'' * ''Radio Amateur News'' – July 1919 to July 1920, dropped the word "amateur" and became just ''Radio News'' * ''Radio and Television'' * '' Radio-Craft'' — July 1929 to September 1948, became ''Radio-Electronics'' * ''

Radio-Electronics ''Radio-Electronics'' was an American electronics magazine that was published under various titles from 1929 to 2003. Hugo Gernsback, sometimes called the father of science fiction, started it as ''Radio-Craft'' in July 1929. The title was change ...

'' — October 1948 to June 1992, became ''Electronics Now'' * ''Radio Electronics Weekly Business Letter'' * ''Radio Listeners Guide and Call Book'' itle varies* ''

'' — July 1919 (as ''Radio Amateur News'') to July 1948 * ''Radio Program Weekly'' * ''Radio Review'' * ''Science and Invention'' – formerly ''Electrical Experimenter''; published August 1920 to August 1931 * ''Science and Mechanics'' – originally ''Everyday Mechanics''; changed to ''Everyday Science and Mechanics'' in 1931. "Everyday" dropped as March 1937 issue, and published as ''Science and Mechanics'' until 1976 * '' Science Fiction Plus'' – March to Dec. 1953 * ''Science Wonder Stories'' – June 1929 to May 1930, merged with ''Air Wonder Stories'' to form ''Wonder Stories'' * ''Science Wonder Quarterly'' – Fall 1929 to Spring 1930, renamed ''Wonder Stories Quarterly'' and continuing to Winter 1933 * ''Scientific Detective Monthly'' * ''Sexologia'' * ''

Sexology Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, Human sexual activity, behaviors, and functions. The term ''sexology'' does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as social crit ...

'' * ''Short-Wave and Television'' * ''Short-Wave Craft'' – merged into ''Radio-Craft'' * ''Short-Wave Listener'' * ''Superworld Comics'' * ''Technocracy Review'' * ''Television'' – 1928 * ''Television News'' – March 1931 to October 1932; merged into ''Radio Review'', then into ''Radio News'' as of March 1933 * ''Tidbits'', originally ''French Humor'' * ''Woman's Digest'' * ''

'' – June 1930 to April 1936 * ''Your Body'' * ''Your Dreams''

Notes

References

External links

*
"Textes d'Hugo Gernsback sur la télévision"
on the website "Histoire de la télévision"
Radio Before Radio
at the web site of the

American Radio Relay League The American Radio Relay League (ARRL) is the largest membership association of amateur radio enthusiasts in the United States. ARRL is a non-profit organization and was co-founded on April 6, 1914, by Hiram Percy Maxim and Clarence D. Tuska of ...

Gernsback interviewed
on ''

Horizon The horizon is the apparent curve that separates the surface of a celestial body from its sky when viewed from the perspective of an observer on or near the surface of the relevant body. This curve divides all viewing directions based on whethe ...

'', 1965
Hugo Gernsback Library & Publications
AmericanRadioHistory.Com *
"Boys of Wireless"
at American Experience (PBS)—Contains information about Gernsback's role in early amateur radio

– discussion of Gernsback as a magazine publisher, with links to cover images of most of his technical and other non-fiction magazines * *

– description of his papers in the Special Collections Research Center of the

Syracuse University Syracuse University (informally 'Cuse or SU) is a Private university, private research university in Syracuse, New York, United States. It was established in 1870 with roots in the Methodist Episcopal Church but has been nonsectarian since 1920 ...

Library * {{DEFAULTSORT:Gernsback, Hugo 1884 births 1967 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists People from Luxembourg City Amateur radio people American male novelists American people of Luxembourgian-Jewish descent American pulp magazine publishers (people) American radio company founders American science fiction writers American speculative fiction publishers (people) Luxembourgian emigrants to the United States Jewish American novelists Luxembourgian inventors Luxembourgian Jews Luxembourgian science fiction writers American science fiction editors Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees Amazing Stories