Germanna was a German settlement in the

Colony of Virginia The Colony of Virginia was a British Empire, British colonial settlement in North America from 1606 to 1776. The first effort to create an English settlement in the area was chartered in 1584 and established in 1585; the resulting Roanoke Colo ...

, settled in two waves, first in 1714 and then in 1717. Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood encouraged the immigration by advertising in

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

for

miner A miner is a person who extracts ore, coal, chalk, clay, or other minerals from the earth through mining. There are two senses in which the term is used. In its narrowest sense, a miner is someone who works at the rock face (mining), face; cutt ...

s to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony.

Etymology

The name "Germanna", selected by Spotswood, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British Queen

Anne Anne, alternatively spelled Ann, is a form of the Latin female name Anna (name), Anna. This in turn is a representation of the Hebrew Hannah (given name), Hannah, which means 'favour' or 'grace'. Related names include Annie (given name), Annie a ...

who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. Though she died only months after the Germans arrived, her name continues to be a part of the area.

History

As part of a series of

land grant A land grant is a gift of real estate—land or its use privileges—made by a government or other authority as an incentive, means of enabling works, or as a reward for services to an individual, especially in return for military service. Grants ...

s awarded to settlers to create a buffer against the French, the Privy Council granted Spotswood in the newly created Spotsylvania County in 1720, of which the Germanna tract was the first, while he was lieutenant governor and actual executive head of the Virginia government. He served in this capacity between 1710 and 1722 and, in 1716, he carried out his famous Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition and promoted many reforms and improvements. Spotswood was replaced as the lieutenant governor by Hugh Drysdale some time in 1722. Historians suggest his removal may have been the result of years of disharmony between himself and the council, as well as when he accepted such a large amount of land, that he showed a disregard for

the Crown The Crown is a political concept used in Commonwealth realms. Depending on the context used, it generally refers to the entirety of the State (polity), state (or in federal realms, the relevant level of government in that state), the executive ...

policy which held that no single person or family could claim more than a thousand acres of Virginia land. Spotswood established a colony of German immigrants on the Germanna tract in 1714, partly for frontier defense but mainly to operate his newly developed

ironworks An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ''ironworks'' is ''ironworks''. Ironworks succeeded bloome ...

. Germanna was the seat of Spotsylvania County from 1720 to 1732. Spotswood erected a palatial home and, after the Germans moved away to Germantown, continued the ironworks with

slave labor Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...

. In his later years, he served as Deputy Postmaster General for the Colonies. The Germanna Colonies consist primarily of the First Colony of forty-two persons from the Siegerland area in Nassau-Siegen, brought to Virginia to work for Spotswood in 1714, and the Second Colony of twenty families from the Palatinate,

Baden Baden (; ) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine. History The margraves of Ba ...

, and

Württemberg Württemberg ( ; ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart. Together with Baden and Province of Hohenzollern, Hohenzollern, two other histo ...

area brought in 1717, but also include other German families who joined the first two colonies at later dates. Although many Germanna families later migrated southward and westward from the

Piedmont region of Virginia The Piedmont region of Virginia is a part of the greater Piedmont physiographic region which stretches from the falls of the Potomac, Rappahannock, and James Rivers to the Blue Ridge Mountains. The region runs across the middle of the state from ...

, genealogical evidence shows that many of the families intermarried for generations, producing a rich genealogical heritage. The site of the first settlement, Fort Germanna, is located in present-day Orange County along the banks of the Rapidan River, with subsequent settlements of Germans being established on sites in present-day Culpeper and Spotsylvania counties. Many Germanna families played roles in important events in early American history such as the

American Revolution The American Revolution (1765–1783) was a colonial rebellion and war of independence in which the Thirteen Colonies broke from British America, British rule to form the United States of America. The revolution culminated in the American ...

and migration west to

Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...

and beyond.

Preservation

The site of Fort Germanna is mostly open fields with intervening thickets of second-growth timber. The Fort Germanna site was listed on the

National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...

in 1978. Traces of the terraces of Spotswood's mansion which came to be known as the "Enchanted Castle" are still discernible. The Germanna Foundation is conducting archaeological exploration of the Fort Germanna, Siegen Forest, and

Salubria Salubria is a historic Plantation house in the Southern United States, plantation house located at Stevensburg, Virginia, Stevensburg, Culpeper County, Virginia. It was built in 1757, and is a two-story, hipped roof dwelling with two large corbe ...

sites that it owns in Orange and Culpeper counties. The Germanna Foundation owns land on the original Germanna peninsula, on both sides of the Germanna Highway, State Route 3, near the site of the original Fort Germanna, once the westernmost outpost of colonial Virginia. It operates the Brawdus Martin Fort Germanna Visitor Center on the Siegen Forest side of the Germanna Highway, east of Culpeper and west of Fredericksburg. The foundation also owns a nearby 18th-century mansion,

, once the home of Governor Spotswood's widow. In October 2000, Salubria was donated by the Grayson family to the Germanna Foundation for historic preservation. The foundation maintains a research library, a memorial garden, and plans interpretive walking trails to various historic and archaeological sites. In addition, it publishes histories and genealogical books, a newsletter, offers educational programs at an annual historical conference and reunion and to the community, and offers group travel to Germany geared to the origin of the Germanna families.

Timelines

First colony

The first colony consisted of the family surnames: Albrecht, Brombach/Brumback, Fischbach/Fishback, Hager, Friesenhagen, Heide/Heite/Hitt, Heimbach, Hofmann, Holzklau/Holtzclaw, Huttmann, Kemper/Camper, Cuntze/Koontz, Merdten/Martin, Otterbach/Utterback, Reinschmidt, Richter/Rector, Spielmann, Weber/Weaver *1710 May 18: Incorporation of the George Ritter Company in

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

, a joint stock company to be in business for 20 years; partners include Christoph de Graffenreid and Franz Ludwig Michel; the agent for the George Ritter Company is Johann Justus Albrecht, sent to the Siegerland to recruit miners in the

Carolinas The Carolinas, also known simply as Carolina, are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina considered collectively. They are bordered by Virginia to the north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the southwes ...

or Virginia *1711 August 15: Johann Justus Albrecht signs a contract with the ministers of Siegen *1711 September 5: Hermannus Otterbach requests permission to immigrate, first of the group *1712 May 12: Johann Justus Albrecht composes the Union Book for the George Ritter Company *1713 July 12: Pastor Knabenschuh goes to Oberfischbach to find that Pastor Haeger is gone and the schoolteacher, Hans Jacob Holtzklau "is also willing to travel away" *1713 July 17: Jacob Holzklau requests permission to immigrateStaatsarchiv Munster, Furstentum Siegen Landesarchiv 11, No. 28 BS2. *1713 July 31: Philip Fischbach/Hans Jacob Richter; Jost Cuntz request permission to immigrate *1713 summer: The people arrived in London *1714 January: They left for Virginia on an unknown ship *1714, late March: Spotswood first learns from Col. Nathaniel Blakiston, the agent for Virginia in London, that Germans are coming *1714 April: The Germans arrived in Virginia *1714: The first German Reformed Church congregation in America was organized by Rev. Henry Haeger, the church building would double as a defensive blockhouse *1716: They started operations at the

silver mine Silver mining is the extraction of silver by mining. Silver is a precious metal and holds high economic value. Because silver is often found in intimate combination with other metals, its extraction requires the use of complex technologies. In ...

*1718, early: They were instructed to search for

iron Iron is a chemical element; it has symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's o ...

*1720 May 17: Johann Justus Albrecht files statement regarding "eleven Labouring men to work in Mines or Quarries at or near Germanna and we began to work March One Thousand Seven Hundred and 15/16 and so continued until Dec. One Thousand Seven Hundred & Eighteen." *1718, by December: Spotswood says he spent about 60 pounds on the endeavor, so there was no iron furnace *1719, January to 1720: Pastor Haeger and the members of the First Colony moved to an area in Stafford County that is now in present-day Fauquier County; the three naturalized members of the group, John Fishback, John Hoffman, and Jacob Holtzclaw, secured 1805 acres for distribution to the group to be divided equallySpotsylvania County Deed Book A, pg. 165--Naturalization of Jacob Holtzclaw

Second colony

*1717: Eighty-odd Germans from Wuerttemberg, Baden, and the Palatinate agree with Capt. Tarbett in London to sail to

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...

on the ship ''Scott'' *1717/1718: Capt. Tarbett redirects the Germans to Virginia, where they become

indentured servant Indentured servitude is a form of Work (human activity), labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for a prepaid lump sum, as paymen ...

s of Lt. Gov. Spotswood *1719/1722: Some of the Germans who left in 1717 arrived in Virginia at a later time *1723/1725: Spotswood sues many of the Germans over land and labor disputes *1725: Most of these Germans move to the Robinson River Valley, in present-day Madison County *1733: Johann Caspar Stoever becomes their Lutheran pastor *1740: The German Lutheran Church (now Hebron Lutheran Church) is built with funds raised in Germany

Sources

Bibliography

External links

National Park Service

Memorial Foundation of the Germanna Colonies in Virginia, Inc.

Fort Germanna

Virginia Landmark Register 068-0043 Germanna Site
{{National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia German-American history German communities in the United States German-American culture in Virginia Colony of Virginia History of the Thirteen Colonies Orange County, Virginia Culpeper County, Virginia Spotsylvania County, Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, Virginia 1714 establishments in the Colony of Virginia