Gerbert (sometimes Herbert) Aleksandrovich Yefremov (, born March 15, 1933) is a Soviet and Russian scientist,

design engineer A design engineer is an engineer focused on the engineering design process in any of the various engineering disciplines (including civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, textiles, aerospace, nuclear, manufacturing, systems, and struct ...

and Professor of Technical Sciences. Since 1984 (after the death of

Vladimir Chelomey Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey or Chelomei (, ; 30 June 1914 – 8 December 1984) was a Soviet people, Soviet engineer and designer in the missile program of the former Soviet Union. He invented the first Soviet Pulsejet, pulse jet engine and w ...

) - General Designer, from 1989 to 2007 - General Director, General Designer

NPO Mashinostroyeniya NPO Mashinostroyeniya () is a rocket design bureau based in Reutov, Russia. During the Cold War it was responsible for several major weapons systems, including the UR-100N Intercontinental ballistic missile and the military Almaz space station ...

. Directly involved or supervised the creation of * Cruise missiles and rockets ( P-5, S-5, « Kh-80»); * Anti-ship missiles ( P-35, «

P-70 Ametist The P-70 ''Ametist'' (NATO reporting name: SS-N-7 Starbright, GRAU designation 4K66; 'Amethyst') was an anti-ship missile carried by Soviet and Indian Charlie class submarine, Project 670 submarines, as well as the Soviet Papa class submarine, P ...

», «

P-120 Malakhit The P-120 Malakhit ( 'Malachite'; NATO reporting name: SS-N-9 Siren, GRAU designation: 4K85) is a Soviet medium range anti-ship missile used by corvettes and submarines. Introduced in 1972, it remains in service but has been superseded by the P-2 ...

», «

P-500 Bazalt The P-500 ''Bazalt'' (; ) is a turbojet-powered, supersonic cruise missile used by the Soviet Navy, Soviet and Russian Navy, Russian navies. Its GRAU designation is 4K80 and its NATO reporting name is SS-N-12 ''Sandbox'', its upgraded version bei ...

», «

P-700 Granit The P-700 ''Granit'' (; ) is a Soviet and Russian naval anti-ship cruise missile. Its GRAU designation is 3M45, its NATO reporting name SS-N-19 ''Shipwreck''. It comes in surface-to-surface and submarine-launched variants, and can also be us ...

»,

P-800 Oniks The P-800 Oniks (; ), marketed in export as the Yakhont (; ), is a Soviet/Russian supersonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by NPO Mashinostroyeniya as a ramjet version of P-80 Zubr. Its GRAU designation is 3M55, the air launched Kh-61 vari ...

»); * Supersonic cruise missile

BrahMos The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10)UR-100 The UR-100 () was an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed and deployed by the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1996. UR () in its designation stood for Universal Rocket (). It was known during the Cold War by the NATO reporting name SS- ...

UR-100N The UR-100N, also known as RS-18A, is an intercontinental ballistic missile in service with Soviet and Russian Strategic Missile Troops. The missile was given the NATO reporting name SS-19 Stiletto and carries the industry designation 15A30. Dev ...

; * Military space station program

Almaz The Almaz () program was a highly secret Soviet Union, Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s. Three crewed military reconnaissance stations were launched between 1973 and 1976: Salyut 2, Salyut 3 and Salyut 5. To co ...

; * Orbital carrier rocket

Strela Strela (, ''arrow'') may refer to: Russian/Soviet technology Anti-aircraft missiles * 9K31 Strela-1, a.k.a. SA-9 Gaskin * 9K32 Strela-2, a.k.a. SA-7 Grail * 9K34 Strela-3, a.k.a. SA-14 Gremlin * 9K35 Strela-10, a.k.a. SA-13 Gopher Other * Strela ...

; * Hypersonic glide vehicle Avangard. The recipient of state awards from the former

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

and other countries (including the

Padma Bhushan The Padma Bhushan (IAST: ''Padma Bhūṣaṇa'', lit. 'Lotus Decoration') is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by the Padma Shri. Instituted on 2 Januar ...

from

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

) co-founded the Indo-Russian joint venture

BrahMos The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10)space station A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains orbital spaceflight, in orbit and human spaceflight, hosts humans for extended periods of time. It therefore is an artificial satellite featuring space habitat (facility), habitat ...

s. His identity and role in these projects was treated as a state secret for several years.

Notes

1933 births 20th-century Russian engineers 21st-century Russian engineers Living people Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University Academic staff of Moscow Aviation Institute Heroes of Socialist Labour Recipients of the Lenin Prize Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering Recipients of the USSR State Prize Russian aerospace engineers Soviet aerospace engineers Soviet mechanical engineers {{USSR-engineer-stub