Georgy Ivanovich Chulkov ( rus, Гео́ргий Ива́нович Чулко́в, p=ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ tɕʊlˈkof, a=Gyeorgiy Ivanovich Chulkov.ru.vorb.oga; – January 1, 1939) was a Russian Symbolist poet, editor, writer and critic. In 1906 he created and popularized the theory of Mystical Anarchism.

Biography

Chulkov was born in Moscow in the family of an impoverished

Tambov Tambov ( , ; rus, Тамбов, p=tɐmˈbof) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Tambov Oblast, Central Federal District, central Russia, at the confluence of the Tsna River (Moksha basin), Tsna ...

nobleman. He studied medicine at

Moscow University Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,. is a public research university in Moscow, Russia. The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, and six branches. Al ...

in 1898–1901. After joining a revolutionary student organization, he was arrested in December 1901 and exiled to Amga in the

Yakutsk Yakutsk ( ) is the capital and largest city of Sakha, Russia, located about south of the Arctic Circle. Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one of Russia's most rapidly growing regional cities, with a population of 355,443 at the ...

region of

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

. He was amnestied in 1903 and was allowed to settle in

Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod ( ; rus, links=no, Нижний Новгород, a=Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg, p=ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət, t=Lower Newtown; colloquially shortened to Nizhny) is a city and the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast an ...

, where he lived for a year. In 1904 Chulkov moved to

St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601, ...

and became the de facto editor of ''Novy Put''' (''New Path''), a literary magazine published by

Dmitry Merezhkovsky Dmitry Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky ( rus, Дми́трий Серге́евич Мережко́вский, p=ˈdmʲitrʲɪj sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ mʲɪrʲɪˈʂkofskʲɪj; – December 9, 1941) was a Russian novelist, poet, religious think ...

and

Zinaida Gippius Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius (; – 9 September 1945), a Russian poet, playwright, novelist, editor and religious thinker, became one of the major figures in Russian symbolism. She began writing at an early age, and by the time she met Dmitry ...

. When the publication of ''Novy Put''' was suspended in January 1905 during the turmoil of the

Russian Revolution of 1905 The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a revolution in the Russian Empire which began on 22 January 1905 and led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Russian Constitution of 1906, t ...

, Chulkov moved to ''Voprosy Zhizni'' (''Problems of Life''), its replacement, where he worked with its editors

Nikolai Berdyaev Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (; ; – 24 March 1948) was a Russian Empire, Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialism, Christian existentialist who emphasized the existentialism, existential spiritual significance of Pe ...

Sergei Bulgakov Sergei Nikolayevich Bulgakov (, ; – 13 July 1944) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, priest, philosopher, and economist. Orthodox writer and scholar David Bentley Hart has said that Bulgakov was "the greatest systematic theologian of the tw ...

and

Nikolai Lossky Nikolay Onufriyevich Lossky (; – 24 January 1965), also known as N. O. Lossky, was a Russian philosopher, representative of Russian idealism, intuitionist epistemology, personalism, libertarianism, ethics and axiology (value theory). He gave h ...

until it folded in December 1905. In 1906, Chulkov edited ''Fakely'' (''Torches''), an anthology of Symbolist writing, which called on Russian writers to: :abandon Symbolism and

Decadence Decadence was a late-19th-century movement emphasizing the need for sensationalism, egocentricity, and bizarre, artificial, perverse, and exotic sensations and experiences. By extension, it may refer to a decline in art, literature, science, ...

and move forward to "new mystical experience". Later in the year Chulkov followed up with a "Mystical Anarchism" manifesto. Russian poets

Alexander Blok Alexander Alexandrovich Blok ( rus, Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Бло́к, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈblok, a=Ru-Alyeksandr Alyeksandrovich Blok.oga; 7 August 1921) was a Russian lyrical poet, writer, publ ...

and especially Vyacheslav Ivanov were supportive of the new movement while

Valery Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov ( rus, Вале́рий Я́ковлевич Брю́сов, p=vɐˈlʲerʲɪj ˈjakəvlʲɪvʲɪdʑ ˈbrʲusəf, a=Valyeriy Yakovlyevich Bryusov.ru.vorb.oga; – 9 October 1924) was a Russian poet, prose writer, drama ...

, the editor of the leading Symbolist magazine ''

Vesy ''Vesy'' (; ) was a Russian symbolist magazine published in Moscow from 1904 to 1909, with the financial backing of philanthropist S. A. Polyakov. It was edited by the major symbolist writer Valery Bryusov. History Vesy was the leading literary ...

'' (''The Balance''), and

Andrei Bely Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (, ; – 8 January 1934), better known by the pen name Andrei Bely or Biely, was a Russian novelist, Symbolist poet, theorist and literary critic. He was a committed anthroposophist and follower of Rudolf Steiner. Hi ...

were opposed to it. Chulkov published a number of novels, poems and short story collections between 1906 and the outbreak of

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

in 1914, when he joined the Russian army. After the war and the

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...

that followed, Chulkov returned to writing, but found it difficult to publish poetry and fiction under the new

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

regime: for example, his unpublished poems made fun of

Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...

.L.A. Sugaj. ''Georgy Chulkov i ego poema "Rus'"'', ''Vestnik slavyanskih kul'tur'' No. 1, Moscow, GASK, 2000, pp. 67–68. After 1922 he concentrated on literary criticism and Russian history. Between 1925 and 1939 he published books about the

Decembrist revolt The Decembrist revolt () was a failed coup d'état led by liberal military and political dissidents against the Russian Empire. It took place in Saint Petersburg on , following the death of Emperor Alexander I. Alexander's brother and heir ...

Fyodor Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (, ; – ) was a Russian poet and diplomat. Ancestry Tyutchev was born into an old Russian noble family in the Ovstug family estate near Bryansk (modern-day Zhukovsky District, Bryansk Oblast of Russia). His f ...

Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin () was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.Basker, Michael. Pushkin and Romanticism. In Ferber, Michael, ed., ''A Companion to European Romanticism''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. He is consid ...

Fyodor Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both Russian literature, Russian and world literature, and many of his works are consider ...

Don Quixote , the full title being ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'', is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, the novel is considered a founding work of Western literature and is of ...

and the

Romanov dynasty The House of Romanov (also transliterated as Romanoff; , ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia. Ni ...

in the nineteenth century. Georgy Chulkov died in 1939 from emphysema. He was buried in Moscow at the

Novodevichy Cemetery Novodevichy Cemetery () is a cemetery in Moscow. It lies next to the southern wall of the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the city's third most popular tourist site. History The cemetery was designed by Ivan Mashkov and inaugurated ...

Works

Novels

* ''Satana'' (''Satan''), 1914, 185p. * ''Serezha Nestroev'', 1916, 182p. * ''Metel''', 1917, 190p.

Collections

* ''Kremnistyj put''', 1904, 141p. * ''Vesnoyu na sewer'', 1908, 86p. * ''Lyudi v tumane'', 1916, 177p. * ''Vchera i segodnya'', 1916, 166p. * ''Posramlenye besy'', 1921, 127p. * ''Nashi sputniki'', 1922, 199p. * ''Stihotvoreniya'' (''Poems''), Moscow, Zadruga, 1922, 112p. * ''Vechernie zori: rasskazy'', Moscow, Zemlya i fabrika, 1924, 91p. * ''Valtasarovo tsarstvo'' (''Balthazar's kingdom'', reprint collection), Moscow, Respublika, 1998, , 607p.

Non-fiction

* ''O misticheskom anarkhizme'', 1906, 57p. ** English translation: ''On Mystical Anarchism'' in ''Russian Titles for the Specialist'' no. 16, Letchworth, Prideaux P., 1971. ** English translation: ''On Mystical Anarchism'' in ''A Revolution of the Spirit: Crisis of value in Russia, 1890-1924'', ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. Fordham, 1990, pp. 175–186. * ''Demons and Modern Life'' in ''Apollon'', nos. 1–2, St. Petersburg, 1914. **English translation in: ''A

Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, Ceramic art, ceramicist, and Scenic ...

Anthology: Documents, Criticism, Reminiscences'', ed. Marilyn McCully, Princeton, 1982, p. 104-106. * ''Nashi sputniki: Literaturnye ocherki'', Moscow, 1922. * ''Myatezhniki 1825 goda'', Moscow, 1925. * ''Imperatory'', 1928, 366p. **Reprint edition: ''Imperatory Rossii: psikhologicheskie portrety'', Moscow, Slovo, , 377p. **French translation: ''Les derniers

tsar Tsar (; also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar''; ; ; sr-Cyrl-Latn, цар, car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word '' caesar'', which was intended to mean ''emperor'' in the Euro ...

s autocrates:

Paul I Paul I may refer to: *Paul of Samosata (200–275), Bishop of Antioch *Paul I of Constantinople (died c. 350), Archbishop of Constantinople *Pope Paul I (700–767) *Paul I Šubić of Bribir (c. 1245–1312), Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia *Paul ...

er, Alexandre Ier,

Nicolas I Nicholas I, group=pron (Russian language, Russian: Николай I Павлович; – ) was Emperor of Russia, List of rulers of Partitioned Poland#Kings of the Kingdom of Poland, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 18 ...

er,

Alexandre II Alexandre may refer to: * Alexandre (given name) * Alexandre (surname) * Alexandre (film) See also * Alexander * Alexandra (disambiguation) * Xano (disambiguation) Xano is the name of: * Xano, a Portuguese hypocoristic of the name " Alexandre (di ...

, Alexandre III'', Paris, Payot, 1928, 376p. * ''Posledniya lyubov' Tyutcheva (E.A. Denis'eva)'' (''Tyutchev's Last Love (E.A. Denis'eva)''), 1928, 133p. * ''Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestwa F.I. Tyutcheva'', Moscow, 1933. * ''Don Kihot'' (''Don Quixote''), 1935, 109p. * ''Zhizn' Pushkina'' (''Life of Pushkin''), Moscow, Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1938. **Reprint edition: ''Zhizn' Pushkina'', Moscow, Nash dom—L’Age d’Homme, 1999, , 364p. * ''Kak rabotal Dostoevsky'' (''How Dostoyevsky Worked''), Moscow,

Sovetsky Pisatel Sovetsky Pisatel (, lit. "Soviet Writer") is a Soviet and Russian book publisher headquartered in Moscow, Russia. It focused on releasing the new works of Soviet authors. It was established in 1934, since 1938 served as the publisher for the Union ...

, 1939, 335p. * ''Tiutcheviana : epigrammy, aforizmy i ostroty F.I. Tiutcheva'', Oxford, Willem A. Meeuws, 1976,

Autobiography

* Gody stranstvij (Годы странствий, Years of Wanderings), 1930, 397p. **Reprint edition, Chulkov's stories added: Moscow, Ellis Lak, 1999, , 861p.

Notes

References

*L.A. Sugaj. ''Georgy Chulkov i ego poema "Rus'"'', ''Vestnik slavyanskih kul'tur'' No. 1, Moscow, GASK, 2000, p. 66-72
Available online
*Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. "The Transmutation of the Symbolist Ethos: Mystical Anarchism and the Revolution of 1905" in ''

Slavic Review The ''Slavic Review'' is a major peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scholarly studies, book and film reviews, and review essays in all disciplines concerned with "Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, past and present". ...

'' 36, No. 4 (December 1977), pp. 608–627.
Russian language biography
*Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. ''The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997, pp. 382–389. {{DEFAULTSORT:Chulkov, Georgy 1879 births 1939 deaths 20th-century anarchists 20th-century Russian male writers 20th-century Russian poets 20th-century Russian short story writers Russian anarchists Russian literary critics Russian male novelists Russian male poets Russian male short story writers Soviet anarchists Writers from Moscow