Georges Bernanos

Louis Émile Clément Georges Bernanos (; 20 February 1888 – 5 July 1948) was a French author, and a soldier in World War I. A Catholic with monarchist leanings, he was critical of elitist thought and was opposed to what he identified as defeatism. He believed this had led to France's defeat and eventual occupation by Germany in 1940 during World War II. His two best-known novels '' Sous le soleil de Satan'' (1926) and the '' Journal d'un curé de campagne'' (1936) both revolve around a parish priest who combats evil and despair in the world. Most of his novels have been translated into English and frequently published in both Great Britain and the United States.

Life and career

Bernanos was born in Paris, into a family of craftsmen. He spent much of his childhood in the village of Fressin, Pas-de-Calais region, which became a frequent setting for his novels. He served in the First World War as a soldier, where he fought in the battles of the Somme and Verdun. He was wounded several times.

After the war, he worked in insurance before writing ''Sous le soleil de Satan'' (1926, '' Under the Sun of Satan''). He won the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for '' The Diary of a Country Priest'' (''Journal d'un curé de campagne''), published in 1936.

A man of Royalist leanings and a member of the '' Camelots du Roi'' ( Action Française's youth organization) when he was younger, Bernanos broke with Charles Maurras and the Action Française in 1932. He initially supported Franco's coup at the outset of the Spanish Civil War. However, after he observed the conflict in Majorca and saw 'a terrorized people,' he became disgusted with the '' nacionales'' and criticized them in the book '' Diary of My Times'' (1938). He wrote, "My illusions regarding the enterprise of General Franco did not last long—two or three weeks—but while they lasted I conscientiously endeavoured to overcome the disgust which some of his men and means caused me."

With political tensions rising in Europe, Bernanos emigrated to South America with his family in 1938, settling in Brazil. He remained until 1945 in Barbacena, State of Minas Gerais, where he tried his hand at managing a farm. His three sons returned to France to fight after World War II broke out, while he fulminated at his country's 'spiritual exhaustion,' which he saw as the root of its collapse in 1940. From exile, he mocked the 'ridiculous' Vichy regime and became a strong supporter of the Free French led by Charles De Gaulle. After France's Liberation, De Gaulle invited Bernanos to return to his homeland, offering him a post in the government. Bernanos did return but, disappointed to perceive no signs of spiritual renewal, he declined to play an active role in French political life.

Works and English translations

* '' Sous le soleil de Satan'' 1926.
** ''The Star of Satan''. London: The Bodley Head, 1927 ew York: Macmillan, 1940; H. Fertig, 1975
** ''Under the Sun of Satan''. New York: Pantheon, 1949 niversity of Nebraska Press, 2001
** ''Under the Sun of Satan''. Providence, RI: Cluny Media, 2017.
*''Les Ténèbres'' (diptyque): '' L'Imposture'' (1927) & '' La Joie'' (1928)
** ''Joy''. New York: Pantheon Books, 1946 ondon: The Bodley Head, 1948; Toronto: Thomas Nelson, 1948
** ''The Impostor''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
**''Joy''. Providence, RI: Cluny Media, 2020.
* '' Un crime'' 1935.
** ''The Crime''. London: Hale, 1936 ew York: E.P. Dutton, 1936
** ''A Crime''. Providence, RI: Cluny Media, 2021.
* '' Journal d'un curé de campagne'' 1936 (also issued serially 1935–36)
** ''The Diary of a Country Priest'' 1936 in Paris, France; London: The Bodley Head, 1937 ew York: Macmillan, 1948, 1962; Carroll & Graf, 1983, 2002
* '' Nouvelle histoire de Mouchette'' 1937
** ''Mouchette''. London: The Bodley Head, 1966 ew York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966; New York Review Books, 2006
* '' Les grands cimetières sous la lune'' 1938
** ''A Diary of My Times''. New York: Macmillan, 1938 ondon: The Bodley Head, 1945
** ''The Great Cemeteries under the Moon''. Providence, RI: Cluny Media, 2018.
* '' Monsieur Ouine'' 1943
** ''The Open Mind''. London: The Bodley Head, 1945.
** ''Monsieur Ouine''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
* ''Dialogues des carmélites'' 1949.
** '' The Fearless Heart''. Toronto: Thomas Nelson, 1952 ondon: The Bodley Head, 1952
* ''Un mauvais rêve'' (posthumously 1950)
** Night Is Darkest. London: The Bodley Head, 1953.
**''A Bad Dream''. Providence, RI: Cluny Media, 2020.
* ''Plea for Liberty''. New York: Pantheon, 1944 ondon: Dobson, 1946
* ''Sanctity Will Out''. London and New York: Sheed & Ward, 1947.
* ''Tradition of Freedom''. London: Dobson, 1950 ew York: Roy, 1951
* ''The Last Essays of Georges Bernanos''. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1955 onn.: Greenwood Press, 1968
** ''Liberty: The Last Essays''. Providence, RI: Cluny Media, 2019.

Adaptations of selected works

* '' The Diary of a Country Priest'': this was the first novel by Bernanos to be adapted as a film, called '' Diary of a Country Priest'' (1951); it was directed by Robert Bresson, and starred Claude Laydu in his debut role.
*'' Mouchette'' was adapted into a film of the same name by Robert Bresson, released in 1967.
* '' Under the Sun of Satan'': his novel was adapted as a film of the same name, produced in 1987 in France. The film won the Palme d'Or prize at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.
* '' Dialogues des Carmélites'': in 1947, Bernanos had been hired to write the dialogue for a film screenplay, through Raymond-Léopold Bruckberger and the scenario writer Philippe Agostini, based on the novella '' The Song at the Scaffold'' by the German writer Gertrud von Le Fort, about the 1794 execution of the Carmelite Nuns of Compiègne. The screenplay was judged unsatisfactory at the time. Following Bernanos' death his literary executor, Albert Béguin, discovered the manuscript. To assist Bernanos' heirs, Béguin sought to have the work published, requesting permission from Baroness von Le Fort for publication. In January 1949 she agreed, gifting her portion of the royalties over to Bernanos' widow and children. However, the Baroness requested that Bernanos' play be given a different title from her novella.Gendre, Claude, 'The Literary Destiny of the Sixteen Carmelite Martyrs of Compiègne and the Role of Emmet Lavery'. ''Renascence'', 48.1, pp. 37–60 (Fall 1995). Béguin chose ''Dialogues des Carmélites'', and the work was published in 1949. It was translated into German, published there in 1951 as ''Die begnadete Angst'' (''The Blessed Fear'') and first staged in Zürich and Munich that year.Gendre, Claude, 'Dialogues des Carmélites: the historical background, literary destiny and genesis of the opera', from ''Francis Poulenc: Music, Art and Literature'' (Sidney Buckland and Myriam Chimènes, editors). Ashgate (Aldershot, UK), , p 287 (1999). The French stage première took place in May 1952 at the Théâtre Hébertot. The composer Francis Poulenc adapted Bernanos' work into an opera of the same name, which was first performed at La Scala Milan in 1957. A film based on Bernanos' play and starring Jeanne Moreau was released in 1960.

References

Further reading

* von Balthasar, Hans Urs (2011). ''Bernanos: An Ecclesial Existence''. Ignatius Press.
* Blumenthal, Gerda (1965). ''The Poetic Imagination of Georges Bernanos: An Essay in Interpretation''. The Johns Hopkins Press.
* Braybrooke, Neville (1954). "Georges Bernanos," ''The Irish Monthly'', Vol. 83, No. 969, pp. 174–179.
* Bush, William (1969). ''Georges Bernanos''. Twayne Publishers.
* Field, Frank (1975). ''Three French Writers: Studies in the Rise of Communism and Fascism.''
* Hebblethwaite, Peter (1965). ''Bernanos, an Introduction''. London: Bowes and Bowes.
* Molnar, Thomas (1960)
''Bernanos: His Political Thought and Prophecy''
New York: Sheed and Ward.
* Molnar, Thomas (1995)
Case of Georges Bernanos,"
''Modern Age'' 38 (1), pp. 61–68.
* Noth, Ernst Erich (1949). "The Prophetism of Georges Bernanos," ''Yale French Studies'', No. 4, Literature and Ideas, pp. 105–119.
* O'Malley, Frank (1944). "The Evangelism of Georges Bernanos," ''The Review of Politics'', Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 403–421.
* Reck, Rima Drell (1965). "George Bernanos: A Novelist and His Art," ''The French Review'', Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 619–629.
* Speaight, Robert (1973). ''Georges Bernanos: A Study of the Man and the Writer''. London: Collins & Harvill Press ew York: Liveright, 1974

External links

*
English language biography
(version in Archive.org)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernanos, Georges
1888 births
1948 deaths
20th-century French essayists
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French novelists
20th-century Roman Catholics
Christian humanists
Christian novelists
French male essayists
French male novelists
French military personnel of World War I
French monarchists
French people of the Spanish Civil War
French Roman Catholic writers
French philosophers of technology
Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française winners
Legion of Honour refusals
People affiliated with Action Française
Prix Femina winners
Writers from Paris