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George ( – January 1, 2019)Ed Yong (2019
"The Last of Its Kind"
''The Atlantic'', July 2019 issue. Accessed June 28, 2019.
was a snail of the species '' Achatinella apexfulva'', and the last known individual of his species.


Background

''Achatinella apexfulva'' was
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
to forests of
Oahu, Hawaii Oahu (, , sometimes written Oahu) is the third-largest and most populated island of the Hawaiian Islands and of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The state capital, Honolulu, is on Oahu's southeast coast. The island of Oahu and the uninhabited Northw ...
. Its populations declined dramatically due to predation by the
rosy wolfsnail ''Euglandina rosea'', the rosy wolfsnail or cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollus ...
, which was introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests. The species was listed as federally endangered in 1981.


Life

In 1997, all known remaining specimens of ''A. apexfulva'' were collected and bred in captivity. Most offspring died of unknown causes, but one successful offspring was born. This individual, born in a laboratory at the
University of Hawaii at Manoa A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Univ ...
, was named George, after
Lonesome George Lonesome George ( or , 1910 – June 24, 2012) was a male Pinta Island tortoise (''Chelonoidis niger abingdonii'') and the last known individual of the subspecies. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. G ...
, a Pinta Island tortoise that was also the last of its kind. George's parents were collected from the last known wild population of ''A. apexfulva'', in a few trees near Oahu's Poamoho trail. At the time of his birth, about 20 ''A. apexfulva'' individuals survived in captivity;Julia Jacobs (2019
"George the Snail, Believed to Be the Last of His Species, Dies at 14 in Hawaii"
''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
''. Published January 10, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2019.
however, by the mid-2000s, George was the only remaining member of the species. George has been described as "a thumbnail-size whorl of dark brown and tan." Although typically referred to using the pronoun "he", George was actually a hermaphrodite. He became sexually mature in 2012, but could not reproduce without a mate. While George was alive, it became a tradition for snail researchers to stop at the spot where the last ''A. apexfulva'' were found and scan the trees with binoculars, in the hope of finding him a mate. As of 2016, George lived in a terrarium at the University of Hawaii.Guy Dinmore (2016
"World’s loneliest snail lives in Hawaii but can’t get a date"
''
New Scientist ''New Scientist'' is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology. Based in London, it publishes weekly English-language editions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. An editorially separate organ ...
''. Published 8 September, 2016. Accessed June 28, 2019.
At the time of his death, George was kept in a trailer on the outskirts of Kailua, Oahu, cared for by researcher David Sischo, director of the state's
snail extinction prevention program The snail extinction prevention program (SEPP) or Hawai’i snail extinction program, is a program founded in 2012 and currently directed by David Sischo, David R. SischoFor staff list see https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/sepp/. that is trying ...
, and colleagues. In August 2018, George was among 2000 snails temporarily transferred from Kawainui Marsh to the main Department of Land and Natural Resources offices in downtown Honolulu, to protect against damage from
Hurricane Lane The name Lane has been used for nine tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. * Tropical Storm Lane (1978) – crossed into the Central Pacific without affecting land * Tropical Storm Lane (1982) – stayed in the open ocean * Hurricane L ...
.Associated Press (2018
"Hurricane Lane floods homes in Hawaii as others take to the waves"
''
Chicago Sun-Times The ''Chicago Sun-Times'' is a daily nonprofit newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Since 2022, it is the flagship paper of Chicago Public Media, and has long held the second largest circulation among Chicago newspaper ...
''. Published August 24, 2018. Published June 28, 2019.


Death and legacy

On January 1, 2019, George died at age 14, leaving the species reportedly extinct.Christie Wilcox (2019
"World's loneliest snail dies, and a species goes extinct"
''
National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...
''. Published January 8, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2019.
His body was discovered the following morning. As of 2019, George's remains are stored in a cupboard labelled "DEATH CABINET", alongside the bodies of other dead snail specimens. In 2017, researchers collected a two-millimetre sample of George's foot, which is now kept in storage at San Diego's
Frozen Zoo A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way ca ...
, to be available for possible future
cloning Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction; this reproduction of an organism by itself without ...
attempts.Katie Pavid (2019
"Death of George the tree snail marked the first extinction of 2019"
Natural History Museum. Published January 15, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2019.


References


Notes


Citations

{{reflist 2000s animal births 2019 animal deaths Endlings Individual molluscs