The Gattermann reaction (also known as the Gattermann formylation and the Gattermann salicylaldehyde synthesis) is a chemical reaction in which aromatic compounds are formylated by a mixture of

hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide (formerly known as prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula HCN and structural formula . It is a highly toxic and flammable liquid that boiling, boils slightly above room temperature, at . HCN is ...

(HCN) and

hydrogen chloride The Chemical compound, compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula and as such is a hydrogen halide. At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor. Hyd ...

(HCl) in the presence of a

Lewis acid A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any ...

catalyst Catalysis () is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quick ...

such as

aluminium chloride Aluminium chloride, also known as aluminium trichloride, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It forms a hexahydrate with the formula , containing six water molecules of hydration. Both the anhydrous form and the hexahydrate are col ...

(AlCl₃). It is named for the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann and is similar to the

Friedel–Crafts reaction The Friedel–Crafts reactions are a set of organic reaction, reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877 to attach substituents to an Aromatic hydrocarbon, aromatic ring. Friedel–Crafts reactions are of two main types: alky ...

Modifications have shown that it is possible to use

sodium cyanide Sodium cyanide is a compound with the formula Na C N and the structure . It is a white, water-soluble solid. Cyanide has a high affinity for metals, which leads to the high toxicity of this salt. Its main application, in gold mining, also expl ...

cyanogen bromide Cyanogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula, formula BrCN. It is a colorless solid that is widely used to modify biopolymers, fragment proteins and peptides (cuts the C-terminus of methionine), and synthesize other compo ...

in place of hydrogen cyanide. The reaction can be simplified by replacing the HCN/AlCl₃ combination with

zinc cyanide Zinc cyanide is the inorganic compound with the formula Zn( CN)2. It is a white solid that is used mainly for electroplating zinc but also has more specialized applications for the synthesis of organic compounds. Structure In Zn(CN)2, zinc adop ...

. Although it is also highly toxic, Zn(CN)₂ is a solid, making it safer to work with than gaseous HCN. The Zn(CN)₂ reacts with the HCl to form the key HCN reactant and Zn(Cl)₂ that serves as the Lewis-acid catalyst ''in-situ''. An example of the Zn(CN)₂ method is the synthesis of mesitaldehyde from

mesitylene Mesitylene or 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is a derivative of benzene with three methyl substituents positioned symmetrically around the ring. The other two isomeric trimethylbenzenes are 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (pseudocumene) and 1,2,3-trimethylbenze ...

Gattermann–Koch reaction

The Gattermann–Koch reaction, named after the German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch, is a variant of the Gattermann reaction in which

carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the si ...

(CO) is used instead of hydrogen cyanide. Gattermann-Koch

Unlike the Gattermann reaction, this reaction is not applicable to

phenol Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () ...

and phenol

ether In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula , where R and R� ...

substrates. Although the highly unstable formyl chloride was initially postulated as an intermediate, formyl cation (i.e., protonated carbon monoxide), COsup>+, is now thought to react directly with the arene without the initial formation of formyl chloride. Additionally, when zinc chloride is used as the Lewis acid instead of aluminum chloride for example, or when the carbon monoxide is not used at high pressure, the presence of traces of

copper(I) chloride Copper(I) chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride, is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl. The substance is a white solid sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Impure samples appear gr ...

nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for che ...

co-catalyst is often necessary. The transition metal co-catalyst may server as a "carrier" by first reacting with CO to form a carbonyl complex, which is then transformed into the active electrophile.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gattermann-Koch reaction Substitution reactions Name reactions Formylation reactions Addition reactions Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions ru:Реакция Гаттермана - Коха

Gattermann–Koch reaction

See also

References