''Gastrotheca'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely semiaquatic group of short-bodied, tailless amphibian vertebrates composing the order (biology), order Anura (coming from the Ancient Greek , literally 'without tail'). Frog species with rough ski ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

occur in the

American Cordillera The American Cordillera ( ) is a chain of mountain ranges (cordilleras), consisting of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of the Americas. Aconcagua is the highest peak of the chain. It is also the ...

from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This genus makes up the bulk of marsupial frog diversity; formerly it was placed in the "

Leptodactylidae The southern frogs form the Leptodactylidae, a name that comes from Greek meaning a bird or other animal having slender toes. They are a diverse family of frogs that most likely diverged from other hyloids during the Cretaceous. The family has u ...

" assemblage. Marsupial frogs are so-called because they possess a dorsal brood pouch. In some species the eggs are fertilized on the female's lower back, and are inserted in her pouch with the aid of the male's toes. The eggs remain in contact with the female's

vascular tissue Vascular tissue is a complex transporting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. T ...

, which provides them oxygen. ''

Gastrotheca guentheri ''Gastrotheca guentheri'' (common names: Guenther's marsupial frog, dentate marsupial frog) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in the Andes of Colombia ( Cordillera Occidental and Colombian Massif) and Ecuador ( Cor ...

'' (Guenther's marsupial frog) is the only known frog with true teeth in its lower jaw. ''

Gastrotheca riobambae The Andean marsupial tree frog (''Gastrotheca riobambae''), also known as the Riobamba marsupial frog or Riobamba pouched frog, is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. The species is confined to the Andes and ...

'' (Andean marsupial tree frog) is kept as pet and is used in scientific experiments. '' Gastrotheca gemma'' was additionally discovered in 2021.

Species

There are 74 species recognized in the genus ''Gastrotheca'': * ''

Gastrotheca abdita ''Gastrotheca abdita'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from the Cordillera Colán in the Amazonas Region. The specific name ''abdita'' is Latin for "exiled" or "removed" and refers to the ge ...

'' Duellman, 1987 * ''

Gastrotheca aguaruna ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Duellman, Barley, and Venegas, 2014 * '' Gastrotheca albolineata'' (Lutz and Lutz, 1939) * ''

Gastrotheca andaquiensis ''Gastrotheca andaquiensis'', commonly known as the Andes marsupial frog, is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in southern Colombia and Ecuador. Description ''Gastrotheca andaquiens ...

'' Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976 * ''

Gastrotheca angustifrons ''Gastrotheca angustifrons'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat ...

'' (Boulenger, 1898) * ''

Gastrotheca antomia ''Gastrotheca antomia'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and found on the western versant of the Cordillera Occidental in Antioquia, Risaralda, Chocó, and Valle del Cauca Departments, at elevations ...

'' Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, Lynch, and Restrepo-Toro, 1997 * ''

Gastrotheca antoniiochoai ''Gastrotheca antoniiochoai'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from near its type locality near the Wayqecha Biological Station (Cusco Region). It has been collected from cloud forest at e ...

'' (De la Riva and Chaparro, 2005) * ''

Gastrotheca aratia ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Duellman, Barley, and Venegas, 2014 * ''

Gastrotheca argenteovirens ''Gastrotheca argenteovirens'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs in the Colombian Massif, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera Occidental in the Quindío, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Cauca, ...

'' (Boettger, 1892) * ''

Gastrotheca atympana ''Gastrotheca atympana'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from its type locality in the Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary, Junín Region. It lacks an external tympanum, hence the specific ...

'' Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May, 2004 * ''

Gastrotheca aureomaculata The gold-spotted marsupial frog (''Gastrotheca aureomaculata'') is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, rur ...

'' Cochran and Goin, 1970 * ''

Gastrotheca bufona ''Gastrotheca bufona'' (common name: Antioquia marsupial frog) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and known from the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Occidental in Antioquia and Caldas Departments, at e ...

'' Cochran and Goin, 1970 * ''

Gastrotheca carinaceps ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Duellman, Trueb, and Lehr, 2006 * ''

Gastrotheca christiani ''Gastrotheca christiani'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Argentina. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destr ...

'' Laurent, 1967 * ''

Gastrotheca chrysosticta ''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destructio ...

'' Laurent, 1976 * '' Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus'' (Werner, 1899) * ''

Gastrotheca cornuta The horned marsupial frog (''Gastrotheca cornuta''), originally named ''Nototrema cornutum'' (Boulenger) after the first describer George Albert Boulenger in 1898),Gastrotheca cuencana'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca dendronastes'' Duellman, 1983 * '' Gastrotheca dunni'' Lutz, 1977 * '' Gastrotheca dysprosita'' Duellman, 2013 * '' Gastrotheca elicioi'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca ernestoi'' Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 * '' Gastrotheca espeletia'' Duellman and Hillis, 1987 * ''

Gastrotheca excubitor ''Gastrotheca excubitor'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to southern Peru and occurs in the Amazonian slopes and crests of the Cordillera Oriental in the Cusco Region; records from the Cajamarca Region are likel ...

'' Duellman and Fritts, 1972 * ''

Gastrotheca fissipes ''Gastrotheca fissipes'' (common name: Igaracu marsupial frog) is a frog species in the frog family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to eastern Brazil and known from the coastal lowlands of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia. ''Gastrotheca fis ...

'' (Boulenger, 1888) * ''

Gastrotheca flamma ''Gastrotheca flamma'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to northeastern Brazil and only known from its Type locality (biology), type locality, Serra da Jibóia in the municipality of Santa Teresinha, Bahia. The onl ...

'' Juncá and Nunes, 2008 * '' Gastrotheca fulvorufa'' (Andersson, 1911) * '' Gastrotheca galeata'' Trueb and Duellman, 1978 * '' Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, & Catenazzi, 2021 * '' Gastrotheca gracilis'' Laurent, 1969 * '' Gastrotheca griswoldi'' Shreve, 1941 * ''

'' (Boulenger, 1882) * '' Gastrotheca helenae'' Dunn, 1944 * '' Gastrotheca lateonota'' Duellman and Trueb, 1988 * '' Gastrotheca litonedis'' Duellman and Hillis, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca lojana'' Parker, 1932 * '' Gastrotheca longipes'' (Boulenger, 1882) * '' Gastrotheca marsupiata'' (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) * '' Gastrotheca megacephala'' Izecksohn, Carvalho-e-Silva, and Peixoto, 2009 * '' Gastrotheca microdiscus'' (Andersson, 1910) * '' Gastrotheca monticola'' Barbour and Noble, 1920 * '' Gastrotheca nebulanastes'' Duellman, Catenazzi, and Blackburn, 2011 * '' Gastrotheca nicefori'' Gaige, 1933 * '' Gastrotheca ochoai'' Duellman and Fritts, 1972 * '' Gastrotheca oresbios'' Duellman and Venegas, 2016 * '' Gastrotheca orophylax'' Duellman and Pyles, 1980 * '' Gastrotheca ossilaginis'' Duellman and Venegas, 2005 * ''

Gastrotheca ovifera ''Gastrotheca ovifera'' (vernacular names: pouched frog and giant marsupial frog; or ) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to northern Venezuela and is known from the Venezuelan Coastal Range, including Sierra de ...

'' (Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854) * '' Gastrotheca pacchamama'' Duellman, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca pachachacae'' Catenazzi and von May, 2011 * ''

Gastrotheca peruana The Peru marsupial frog (''Gastrotheca peruana'') is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae that is Endemism, endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical and tropical high-altitude grasslands, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermi ...

'' (Boulenger, 1900) * '' Gastrotheca phalarosa'' Duellman and Venegas, 2005 * '' Gastrotheca phelloderma'' Lehr and Catenazzi, 2011 * '' Gastrotheca piperata'' Duellman and Köhler, 2005 * '' Gastrotheca plumbea'' (Boulenger, 1882) * '' Gastrotheca prasina'' Teixeira, Vechio, Recoder, Carnaval, Strangas, Damasceno, Sena, and Rodrigues, 2012 * '' Gastrotheca pseustes'' Duellman and Hillis, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca psychrophila'' Duellman, 1974 * '' Gastrotheca pulchra'' Caramaschi and Rodrigues, 2007 * '' Gastrotheca rebeccae'' Duellman and Trueb, 1988 * '' Gastrotheca recava'' Teixeira, Vechio, Recoder, Carnaval, Strangas, Damasceno, Sena, and Rodrigues, 2012 * ''

'' (Fowler, 1913) * '' Gastrotheca ruizi'' Duellman and Burrowes, 1986 * '' Gastrotheca spectabilis'' Duellman and Venegas, 2016 * '' Gastrotheca splendens'' (Schmidt, 1857) * '' Gastrotheca stictopleura'' Duellman, Lehr, and Aguilar, 2001 * '' Gastrotheca testudinea'' (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870) * '' Gastrotheca trachyceps'' Duellman, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca turnerorum'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca walkeri'' Duellman, 1980 * '' Gastrotheca weinlandii'' (Steindachner, 1892) * '' Gastrotheca williamsoni'' Gaige, 1922 * '' Gastrotheca yacuri'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca zeugocystis'' Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May, 2004 The AmphibiaWeb is listing 69 species as ''Gastrotheca lojana'' is not included.

Footnotes

References

* Duellman, W.E., Catenazzi, A. & Blackburn, D.C. (2011): A new species of marsupial frog (Anura: Hemiphractidae: ''Gastrotheca'') from the Andes of southern Peru. ''Zootaxa'' 3095: 1-14. * Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Garcia, P.C.O., Frost, D.R., Campbell, J.A. & Wheeler, W.C. (2005): Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History''. 294: 1–240. {{Authority control Hemiphractidae Amphibian genera Amphibians of Central America Frogs of North America Frogs of South America Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger