Gasterosteoidei is a
suborder
Order () is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized ...
of
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...
es that includes the
sticklebacks and relatives, the 5th edition of ''
Fishes of the World
''Fishes of the World'' is a standard reference for the systematics of fishes. It was first written in 1976 by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011). Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of t ...
'' classifies this suborder within the
order Scorpaeniformes
The Scorpaeniformes are a diverse Order (biology), order of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish, including the lionfishes and sculpins, but have also been called the Scleroparei. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of spec ...
.
Systematics
Gasterosteoidei is treated as a suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes in the 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'',
but in other phylogenetic classifications it is treated as the infraorder Gasterosteales within the suborder
Cottoidei or as a sister clade to the
Zoarcales in the order Zoarciformes.
Indostomidae is included within Gasterosteoidei in ''Fishes of the World
[ but according to Betancur ''et al'' its inclusion in the clade renders it paraphyletic and they classify that family within the monotypic suborder Indostomoidei within the Synbranchiformes.][
Historically, Gasterosteoidei was treated as a suborder within the order Gasterostiformes and often included the sea horses, pipefishes and their relatives as ]suborder
Order () is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized ...
Syngnathoidei, with the sticklebacks and relatives in the suborder Gasterosteoidei.paraphyletic
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...
with the Scorpaeniformes
The Scorpaeniformes are a diverse Order (biology), order of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish, including the lionfishes and sculpins, but have also been called the Scleroparei. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of spec ...
. The more typical members of that group (e.g. scorpionfishes) are apparently closer to the "true" Gasterosteiformes, whereas the keel-bodied flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae) seem actually to belong to the Syngnathiformes clade
In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...
. It seems that the closest living relatives of the narrowly delimited Gasterosteoidei are the Zoarcoidei, which have been placed in the massively paraphyletic "Perciformes
Perciformes (), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. ''Perciformes'' means " perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ( Percidae), and als ...
". The Zoarcoidei, as well as the related Trichodontidae, would then appear to be derived offshoots of the scorpaeniform-gasterosteiform radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. This includes:
* ''electromagnetic radiation'' consisting of photons, such as radio waves, microwaves, infr ...
which have apomorph
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to ha ...
ically lost the bone "armour" found in their relatives.
Families and genera
Gasterosteoidei contains the following families and genera:Hypoptychidae
The Korean sandlance (''Hypoptychus dybowskii'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Hypoptychidae. The Korean sandlance is the only species in this monotypic family and genus and is found in the northwestern Pacific O ...
Steindachner, 1880 (Sand eel)
** '' Hypoptychus'' Steindachner, 1880
* Family Aulorhynchidae
Aulorhynchidae, the tube-snouts, is a small Family (biology), family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the suborder Gasterosteoidei in the Order (biology), order Perciformes. These fishes are found in the northern Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
...
Gill
A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...
, 1861 (Tubesnouts)
** ''Aulichthys
''Aulichthys'' is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Aulorhynchidae. Its only species is ''Aulichthys japonicus'', the tubenose, which is found in the shallow waters on the coasts of Japan, China and the Korea ...
'' Brevoort 1862
** ''Aulorhynchus
''Aulorhynchus'' is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Aulorhynchidae. Its only species is the tube-snout (''Aulorhynchus flavidus'') which is found off the western coast of North America.
Taxonomy
''Aulorhyn ...
'' Gill, 1861
* Family Gasterosteidae Bonaparte, 1831 (Sticklebacks)
** ''Apeltes
''Apeltes'' is a monospecific genus old ray-finned fish belonging to the Family (biology), family Gasterosteidae, the sticklebacks. The only species in the genus is ''A. quadracus'', the fourspine stickleback or bloody stickleback, which lives i ...
'' DeKay, 1842
** '' Culaea'' Whitley, 1950
** '' Gasterosteus'' Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
** '' Pungitius'' d'Annone, 1760
** '' Spinachia'' Cuvier, 1816
Characteristics
Gasterosteoidei is characterised by the possession of a protractile upper jaw and a well developed upward pointing process on the premaxilla. The body is often armoured with dermal plates and paired dermal plates grow from membranes growing out from the pelvic girdle
The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the Ilium (bone) ...
. If there are plates on the flanks these are often a single row of ossified lateral and dermal plates. Unpaired plates
paired pelvic plates arising from a membranous outgrowth of the pelvic girdle; lateral body plates, when present, are represented by a single series of lateral and dermal ossifications. The unpaired plates on the body which create the dorsal and ventral series grow from the expanded proximal middle radials of the pterygiphores of the dorsal and anal fins. Separate pectoral radials do not develop during the fish's development and the pectoral radial plate is fused into a single unit on the scapulo-coracoid. They have very small mouths. There are between 1 and 6 branchiostegal rays and there is no postcleithrum in the pelvic girdle which is never joined directly to the cleithra. There are other skeletal features that these fishes share too. The kidneys of gasterosteoids synthesis an adhesive chemical which is used by males to create nests of plant material, it is not known if this is true of all the taxa within the group.[ These are all rather small fishes with the largest species being the sea stickleback ('' Spinachia spinachia'') which has a maximum published ]standard length
Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of fish anatomy, their anatomies, for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and fishery biology.
Overall length
Standard length (SL) is ...
of .
Distribution and habitat
Gasterodteoidei are found in the northern hemisphere, mostly within the temperate and Arctic regions,[ the exception is the Indostomidae which are found in freshwater habitats in ]mainland Southeast Asia
Mainland Southeast Asia (historically known as Indochina and the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to th ...
.[
]
Timeline of genera
Source:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1 from: -83.5 till: -70.6 text: Gasterorhamphosus
color:eocene bar:NAM2 from: -55.8 till: -55.8 text: Urosphenopsis
color:eocene bar:NAM3 from: -55.8 till: -55.8 text: Protorhamphosus
color:eocene bar:NAM4 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Urosphen
color:eocene bar:NAM5 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Synhypuralis
color:eocene bar:NAM6 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Solenorhynchus
color:eocene bar:NAM7 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Ramphosus
color:eocene bar:NAM8 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Pseudosyngnathus
color:eocene bar:NAM9 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Prosolenostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM10 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Parasynarcualis
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Paramphisile
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Paraeoliscus
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Macroaulostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Jungersenichthys
color:eocene bar:NAM15 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Fistularioides
color:eocene bar:NAM16 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Eoaulostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM17 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Calamostoma
color:eocene bar:NAM18 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Aulostomoides
color:eocene bar:NAM19 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Aulorhamphus
color:eocene bar:NAM20 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Aeoliscoides
color:eocene bar:NAM21 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Syngnathus
color:eocene bar:NAM22 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Solenostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM23 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Protaulopsis
color:eocene bar:NAM24 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Aulostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM25 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Aulorhynchus
''Aulorhynchus'' is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Aulorhynchidae. Its only species is the tube-snout (''Aulorhynchus flavidus'') which is found off the western coast of North America.
Taxonomy
''Aulorhyn ...
color:oligocene bar:NAM26 from: -33.9 till: -28.4 text: Hipposyngnathus
color:oligocene bar:NAM27 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Fistularia
color:oligocene bar:NAM28 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Aeoliscus
color:oligocene bar:NAM29 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Acanthognathus
color:oligocene bar:NAM30 from: -28.4 till: 0 text: Nerophis
color:miocene bar:NAM31 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Pungitius
color:miocene bar:NAM32 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Gasterosteus
color:pliocene bar:NAM33 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Hippocampus
The hippocampus (: hippocampi; via Latin from Ancient Greek, Greek , 'seahorse'), also hippocampus proper, is a major component of the brain of humans and many other vertebrates. In the human brain the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the ...
color:pliocene bar:NAM34 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Centriscus
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
bar:period
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text: Early
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text: Late
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pl.
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
bar:era
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
References
External links
* Gasterosteiformes entry o
Animal Diversity Web
{{Authority control
Ray-finned fish suborders
Articles which contain graphical timelines