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Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (; 21 May 1792 – 19 September 1843) was a French
In 1829, Coriolis published a textbook, ''Calcul de l'Effet des Machines'' ("Calculation of the Effect of Machines"), which presented mechanics in a way that could readily be applied by industry. He established the correct expression for kinetic energy, ''½mv2'', and its relation to mechanical work.
During the following years, Coriolis worked to extend the notions of kinetic energy and work to rotating systems. The first of his papers, ''Sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines'' (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative motion in machines), was read to the Académie des Sciences (Coriolis 1832). Three years later came the paper that would make his name famous, ''Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps'' (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies). Coriolis's papers do not deal with the atmosphere or even the rotation of the Earth, but with the transfer of energy in rotating systems like waterwheels. Coriolis discussed the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference and he divided these forces into two categories. The second category contained the force that would eventually bear his name. A detailed discussion may be found in Dugas.
In 1835, he published a mathematical work on collisions of spheres: ''Théorie Mathématique des Effets du Jeu de Billard'', considered a classic on the subject.
Coriolis's name began to appear in the meteorological literature at the end of the 19th century, although the term " Coriolis force" was not used until the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the name Coriolis has become strongly associated with meteorology, but all major discoveries about the general circulation and the relation between the pressure and wind fields were made without knowledge about Gaspard Gustave Coriolis.
Coriolis became professor of mechanics at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in 1829. Upon the death of Claude-Louis Navier in 1836, Coriolis succeeded him in the chair of applied mechanics at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and to Navier's place in the Académie des Sciences. In 1838, he succeeded Dulong as ''Directeur des études'' (director of studies) in the
File:Coriolis-1.jpg, 1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"
File:Coriolis-3.jpg, Introductory page of an 1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"
File:Coriolis-4.jpg, First page of an 1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"
374 KB PDF document of the above article
BibNum
' lick 'à télécharger' for English version/small> * "Sur le bruit du tonnerre" (Coriolis, 1833), online and analyzed on
BibNum
'' lick 'à télécharger' for English version/small> {{DEFAULTSORT:Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave French civil engineers École Polytechnique alumni École des Ponts ParisTech alumni Corps des ponts 1792 births 1843 deaths Scientists from Paris 19th-century French mathematicians French physicists French mechanical engineers Members of the French Academy of Sciences Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematica ...
, mechanical engineer
Mechanical may refer to:
Machine
* Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement
* Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations o ...
and scientist
A scientist is a person who Scientific method, researches to advance knowledge in an Branches of science, area of the natural sciences.
In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engag ...
. He is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference, leading to the Coriolis effect. He was the first to apply the term ''travail'' (translated as " work") for the transfer of energy by a force acting through a distance, and he prefixed the factor ½ to Leibniz's concept of '' vis viva'', thus specifying today's ''kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.
In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass ''m'' traveling at a speed ''v'' is \fracmv^2.Resnick, Rober ...
''.
Biography
Coriolis was born in Paris in 1792. In 1808 he sat the entrance exam and was placed second of all the students entering that year, and in 1816, he became a tutor at theÉcole Polytechnique
(, ; also known as Polytechnique or l'X ) is a ''grande école'' located in Palaiseau, France. It specializes in science and engineering and is a founding member of the Polytechnic Institute of Paris.
The school was founded in 1794 by mat ...
, where he did experiments on friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Types of friction include dry, fluid, lubricated, skin, and internal -- an incomplete list. The study of t ...
and hydraulics.
In 1829, Coriolis published a textbook, ''Calcul de l'Effet des Machines'' ("Calculation of the Effect of Machines"), which presented mechanics in a way that could readily be applied by industry. He established the correct expression for kinetic energy, ''½mv2'', and its relation to mechanical work.
During the following years, Coriolis worked to extend the notions of kinetic energy and work to rotating systems. The first of his papers, ''Sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines'' (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative motion in machines), was read to the Académie des Sciences (Coriolis 1832). Three years later came the paper that would make his name famous, ''Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps'' (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies). Coriolis's papers do not deal with the atmosphere or even the rotation of the Earth, but with the transfer of energy in rotating systems like waterwheels. Coriolis discussed the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference and he divided these forces into two categories. The second category contained the force that would eventually bear his name. A detailed discussion may be found in Dugas.
In 1835, he published a mathematical work on collisions of spheres: ''Théorie Mathématique des Effets du Jeu de Billard'', considered a classic on the subject.
Coriolis's name began to appear in the meteorological literature at the end of the 19th century, although the term " Coriolis force" was not used until the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the name Coriolis has become strongly associated with meteorology, but all major discoveries about the general circulation and the relation between the pressure and wind fields were made without knowledge about Gaspard Gustave Coriolis.
Coriolis became professor of mechanics at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in 1829. Upon the death of Claude-Louis Navier in 1836, Coriolis succeeded him in the chair of applied mechanics at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and to Navier's place in the Académie des Sciences. In 1838, he succeeded Dulong as ''Directeur des études'' (director of studies) in the École Polytechnique
(, ; also known as Polytechnique or l'X ) is a ''grande école'' located in Palaiseau, France. It specializes in science and engineering and is a founding member of the Polytechnic Institute of Paris.
The school was founded in 1794 by mat ...
.
He died in 1843 at the age of 51 in Paris. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.See also
*Catenary
In physics and geometry, a catenary ( , ) is the curve that an idealized hanging chain or wire rope, cable assumes under its own weight when supported only at its ends in a uniform gravitational field.
The catenary curve has a U-like shape, ...
References
Further reading
* Persson, A., 1998 ''How do we understand the Coriolis Force?'' Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 79, 1373–1385.374 KB PDF document of the above article
External links
* * "Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps" (Coriolis, 1831 & 1835), online and analyzed onBibNum
' lick 'à télécharger' for English version/small> * "Sur le bruit du tonnerre" (Coriolis, 1833), online and analyzed on
BibNum
'' lick 'à télécharger' for English version/small> {{DEFAULTSORT:Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave French civil engineers École Polytechnique alumni École des Ponts ParisTech alumni Corps des ponts 1792 births 1843 deaths Scientists from Paris 19th-century French mathematicians French physicists French mechanical engineers Members of the French Academy of Sciences Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery