Parhedylidae are a
taxonomic family of
sea slug
Sea slug is a common name for some Marine biology, marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial Slug, slugs. Most creatures known as sea slugs are gastropods, i.e. they are Sea snail, sea snails (marine gastropod moll ...
s,
marine gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s in the superfamily
Parhedyloidea.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411947 on 2021-06-17]
2005 taxonomy
Microhedylidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the
taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).
Ganitidae Rankin, 1979 has been listed as a sole family within Hedylopsoidea.
The type genus of Livorniellidae was ''Livorniella'' Rankin, 1979.
2010 taxonomy
Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010)
[Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". '']Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
The ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Linnean Society. The editor-in-chief is Maarten Christenhusz (Linnean Society) ...
'' 158: 124–154. . is Microhedylidae within the clade
Microhedylacea
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant ...
.
Parhedylidae is a synonym of Microhedylidae.
Microhedylidae s.l. may informally include Ganitidae, but inclusion of Ganitidae within Microhedylidae requires further research and higher statistical support.
Genera
Genera within the Parhedylidae include:
* ''
Ganitus''
Marcus, 1953 - with the only species ''
Ganitus evelinae'' Marcus, 1953 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae
* ''
Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
** ''
Microhedyle glandulifera''
(Kowalevsky, 1901)
** ''
Microhedyle nahantensis''
(Doe, 1974)
** ''
Microhedyle odhneri''
(Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1955)
* ''
Microhedyle remanei''
(Er. Marcus, 1953)
* ''Paraganitus''
Challis, 1968 - with the only species ''
Paraganitus ellynnae''
Challis, 1968 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae
* ''
Paraganitus''
Challis, 1968
* ''
Parhedyle''
Thiele, 1931
** ''
Parhedyle cryptophthalma''
(Westheide & Wawra, 1974)
** ''
Parhedyle tyrtowii''
(Kowalevsky, 1900)
** ''
Parhedyle gerlachi''
(Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1959)
* ''
Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
;Genera brought into synonymy:
* ''Gastrohedyle''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
* ''Livorniella''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
* ''Mancohedyle''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972 (junior objective synontm of Pontohedyle)
* ''Maraunibina''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
* ''Parahedyle''
ic synonym of Parhedyle Thiele, 1931 (misspelling)
* ''Sabulincola''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Parhedyle''
Thiele, 1931
* ''Stellaspina''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
* ''Unela''
Er. Marcus, 1953: synonym of ''Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
Cladogram
A
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...
based on sequences of mitochondrial
28S ribosomal RNA,
16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome ( SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.
The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S ...
and
cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations within the family Microhedylidae:
[Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs". '']BMC Evolutionary Biology
''BMC Ecology and Evolution'' (since January 2021), previously ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2001–2020), is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology ...
'' 12: 245. .
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q3176983, from2=Q18681378
Gastropod families