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George Alfred Henty (8 December 1832 – 16 November 1902) was an English novelist and war correspondent. He is best known for his works of
adventure fiction Adventure fiction is a type of fiction that usually presents danger, or gives the reader a sense of excitement. Some adventure fiction also satisfies the literary definition of Romance (prose fiction)#Definition, romance fiction. History In t ...
and
historical fiction Historical fiction is a literary genre in which a fictional plot takes place in the Setting (narrative), setting of particular real past events, historical events. Although the term is commonly used as a synonym for historical fiction literatur ...
, including ''The Dragon & The Raven'' (1886), ''For The Temple'' (1888), ''Under Drake's Flag'' (1883) and ''In Freedom's Cause'' (1885).


Biography

G. A. Henty was born and baptised in Godmanchester, near
Huntingdon Huntingdon is a market town in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England. The town was given its town charter by John, King of England, King John in 1205. It was the county town of the historic county of Huntingdonshire. Oliver C ...
, but spent some of his childhood in Canterbury before his family moved to London. He was a sickly child who had to spend long periods in bed. During his frequent illnesses he became an avid reader and developed a wide range of interests which he carried into adulthood. He attended
Westminster School Westminster School is a Public school (United Kingdom), public school in Westminster, London, England, in the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It descends from a charity school founded by Westminster Benedictines before the Norman Conquest, as do ...
, London, as a half-boarder when he was fourteen, and later
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Gonville and Caius College, commonly known as Caius ( ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and ...
, where he was a keen sportsman. He left the university early without completing his degree to volunteer for the (Army) Hospital Commissariat of the Purveyors Department when the
Crimean War The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont fro ...
began. He was sent to the
Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...
and while there he witnessed the appalling conditions under which the British soldier had to fight. His letters home were filled with vivid descriptions of what he saw. His father was impressed by his letters and sent them to the '' Morning Advertiser'' newspaper which printed them. This initial writing success was a factor in Henty's later decision to accept the offer to become a special correspondent, the early name for journalists now better known as war correspondents. Shortly before resigning from the army as a captain in 1859 he married Elizabeth Finucane. The couple had four children. Elizabeth died in 1865 after a long illness and shortly after her death Henty began writing articles for the ''Standard'' newspaper. In 1866 the newspaper sent him as their special correspondent to report on the Austro-Italian War where he met Giuseppe Garibaldi. He went on to cover the 1868 British punitive expedition to Abyssinia, the
Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...
, the Ashanti War, the Carlist Rebellion in Spain and the Turco-Serbian War.Kathryne S. McDorman,"Henty, George Alfred" in ''Historical Dictionary of the British empire'' edited by James S. Olson and Robert Shadle. Greenwood Press, 1996 (pp. 152–54, Volume 1). He also witnessed the opening of the
Suez Canal The Suez Canal (; , ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, Indo-Mediterranean, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest ...
and travelled to
Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...
, Russia and India. Henty was a strong supporter of the
British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...
all his life; according to literary critic Kathryn Castle: "Henty ... exemplified the ethos of the ritish Empire and glorified in its successes". Henty's ideas about politics were influenced by writers such as Sir Charles Dilke and
Thomas Carlyle Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher. Known as the "Sage writing, sage of Chelsea, London, Chelsea", his writings strongly influenced the intellectual and artistic culture of the V ...
. Henty once related in an interview how his storytelling skills grew out of tales told after dinner to his children. He wrote his first children's book, ''Out on the Pampas'' in 1868, naming the book's main characters after his children. The book was published by Griffith and Farran in November 1870 with a title page date of 1871. While most of the 122 books he wrote were for children and published by Blackie and Son of London, he also wrote adult novels, non-fiction such as ''The March to Magdala'' and ''Those Other Animals'', short stories for the likes of ''The Boy's Own Paper'' and edited the '' Union Jack'', a weekly boy's magazine. Henty was "the most popular Boy's author of his day." Blackie, who published his children's fiction in the UK, and W. G. Blackie estimated in February 1952 that they were producing about 150,000 Henty books a year at the height of his popularity,It should be remembered that at the time, a popular adult novel might sell as many as 5,000 copies. and stated that their records showed they had produced over three and a half million Henty books. He further estimated that considering the US and other overseas authorised and pirated editions, a total of 25 million was not impossible. Arnold notes this estimate and that there have been further editions since that estimate was made. His children's novels typically revolved around a boy or young man living in troubled times. These ranged from the Punic War to more recent conflicts such as the
Napoleonic Wars {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Napoleonic Wars , partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg , caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...
or the
American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
. Henty's heroes – which occasionally included young ladies – are uniformly intelligent, courageous, honest and resourceful with plenty of 'pluck' yet are also modest. Humphrey Carpenter and Mari Prichard,''The Oxford Companion to children's literature'' Oxford University Press, 1998. (pp. 244-47). These themes have made Henty's novels popular today among many conservative Christians and homeschoolers. Henty usually researched his novels by ordering several books on the subject he was writing on from libraries, and consulting them before beginning writing. Some of his books were written about events (such as the Crimean War) that he witnessed himself; hence, these books are written with greater detail as Henty drew upon his first-hand experiences of people, places, and events. On 16 November 1902, Henty died aboard his yacht in Weymouth Harbour, Dorset, leaving unfinished his last novel, ''By Conduct and Courage'', which was completed by his son Captain C.G. Henty. Henty is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.


Influence

G. A. Henty's commercial popularity encouraged other writers to try writing juvenile adventure stories in his style; " Herbert Strang", Henry Everett McNeil, Percy F. Westerman and Captain Frederick Sadleir Brereton all wrote novels in "the Henty tradition", often incorporating then-contemporary themes such as
aviation Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. ''Aircraft'' include fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air aircraft such as h ...
and
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
combat. By the 1930s, however, interest in Henty's work was declining in Britain, and hence few children's writers there looked to his work as a model.


Bibliography

Henty wrote 122 works of historical fiction and all first editions had the date printed at the foot of the title page. Several short stories published in book form are included in this total, with the stories taken from previously published full-length novels. The dates given below are those printed at the foot of the title page of the very first editions in the United Kingdom. It is a common misconception that American Henty titles were published before those of the UK. All Henty titles bar one were published in the UK before those of America. The simple explanation for this error of judgement is that Charles Scribner's Sons of New York dated their Henty first editions for the current year. The first UK editions published by Blackie were always dated for the coming year, to have them looking fresh for Christmas. The only Henty title published in book form in America before the UK book was ''In the Hands of the Cave-Dwellers'' dated 1900 and published by Harper of New York. This title was published in book form in the UK in 1903, although the story itself had already been published in England prior to the first American edition, in ''The Boy's Own Annual''.


Misattribution

A book published in 1884 in the "Fireside Henty Series" called ''Forest and Frontier'' was discovered to be by Thomas M. Newson.


UK and US availability

In the late 1990s, a number of American publishers, such as Polyglot Press (Philadelphia, PA), PrestonSpeed, and the Lost Classics Book Company, began reprinting Henty's books and advocating their usage for conservative homeschoolers. Reprints of all Henty's works are available from modern day British and American publishers. One such publisher and major modern advocate of Henty is the American scientist (biochemist), homeschool curriculum publisher, and Oregon State Senator Arthur B. Robinson, who promotes the use of Henty's books as a supplement to his self-teaching homeschool curriculum.


Controversial views

Henty's views have been contentious; some writers have accused Henty's novels of being aggressively and obstinately
nationalist Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,Anthony D. Smith, Smith, A ...
and reactionary in such books as ''True to the Old Flag'' (1885) which features a Loyalist protagonist fighting in the American War of Independence, and ''In the Reign of Terror'' (1888) and ''No Surrender! A Tale of the Rising in La Vendée'' (1900) which are strongly hostile to the French Revolution. Henty's novel '' With Lee in Virginia'' has a protagonist who fights on the side of the Confederacy against the Union. Henty's popularity amongst homeschoolers is not without controversy. Quoting from the chapter of ''By Sheer Pluck'' called "The Negro Character" ("like children"), American television host and political commentator Rachel Maddow called Henty's writings "spectacularly racist".Quotes a
''By Sheer Pluck'' (1884)
, p. 118, via ''forgotten books.com'' (2013, London). Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Carpenter and Pritchard note that while "Henty's work is indeed full of racial (and class)
stereotype In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalization, generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can ...
s", he sometimes created sympathetic ethnic minority characters, such as the Indian servant who marries a white woman in ''With Clive in India'', and point out Henty admired the Turkish Empire. Some even accuse Henty of holding blacks in utter contempt, and this is expressed in novels such as ''By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War'' and ''A Roving Commission, or, Through the Black Insurrection at Hayti''. Kathryne S. McDorman states Henty disliked blacks and also, in Henty's fiction, that " Boers and
Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
were considered equally ignoble". In ''By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War'', Mr. Goodenough, an entomologist remarks to the hero: “They egroesare just like children ... They are always either laughing or quarrelling. They are good-natured and passionate, indolent, but will work hard for a time; clever up to a certain point, densely stupid beyond. The intelligence of an average negro is about equal to that of a European child of ten years old. ... They are fluent talkers, but their ideas are borrowed. They are absolutely without originality, absolutely without inventive power. Living among white men, their imitative faculties enable them to attain a considerable amount of civilization. Left alone to their own devices they retrograde into a state little above their native savagery.” In the Preface to his novel ''A Roving Commission'' (1900) Henty claims "the condition of the negroes in Hayti has fallen to the level of that of the savage African tribes" and argues "unless some strong white power should occupy the island and enforce law and order" this situation will not change. In the novel ''Facing Death: A Tale of the Coal Mines'' Henty comes down against strikes and has the working class hero of the novel, Jack Simpson, quell a strike among coal miners. A review by Deirdre H. McMahon in ''Studies of the Novel'' in 2010 refers to his novels as jingoist and racist and states that during the previous decade "Numerous reviews in right-wing and conservative Christian journals and websites applaud Henty’s texts as model readings and thoughtful presents for children, especially boys. These reviews often ignore Henty’s racism by packaging his version of empire as refreshingly heroic and patriotic." In 1888, on the bookjacket for ''Captain Bayley's Heir'', ''
The Times ''The Times'' is a British Newspaper#Daily, daily Newspaper#National, national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its si ...
'' wrote that Henty's character in ''With Lee in Virginia,'' "bravely proving his sympathy with the slaves of brutal masters" escapes through "the devotion of a black servant and of a runaway slave whom he had assisted". The reviewer recommended the book.


List of titles


Adaptation

There is one known instance of a book title by Henty having been filmed, along with eleven audio theater productions by Heirloom Audio in their series "The Extraordinary Adventures of G. A. Henty": ''Under Drake's Flag'', ''With Lee in Virginia'', ''In the Reign of Terror'', ''The Cat of Bubastes'', ''Beric the Briton'', ''The Dragon and the Raven'', ''Wulf the Saxon, Captain Bayley's Heir'' ''In Freedom's Cause'', ''St. Bartholomew's Eve'', and ''For the Temple.'' Heirloom Audio's productions have featured several well-known actors, including Golden Globe winner Joanne Froggatt of ''
Downton Abbey ''Downton Abbey'' is a British historical drama television series set in the early 20th century, created and co-written by Julian Fellowes. It first aired in the United Kingdom on ITV (TV network), ITV on 26 September 2010 and in the United St ...
'' and Billy Boyd of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Heirloom Audio was founded by Illinois businessman Bill Heid, who said of Henty, "He took you to places that had great historical significance. It's historical fiction, yet there's very little fiction." Heid said of the characters portrayed in Henty's books and Heirloom Audio's productions, "Who's a real hero? Jay Cutler or Aaron Rodgers, or Francis Drake? Who had the guts, the belief in God's sovereignty? I want to tell the stories that young people think, 'I could imagine doing something like that.' I want them to dream big. There was a time in our country we really had big dreams, thought we could do big things. For some reason, we don't talk like that, take risks like that." Heid added that too often in schools, "history becomes kind of a data dump, dead guys and dates." But with Henty, "History is anything but boring. It's amazing. William Wallace was a real person, had real struggles of his own. He had hopes and dreams and ambitions, struggles like anyone else, doubts and flaws." Film '' A Final Reckoning'' (1929), American, B&W: Serial/24 reels Directed by Ray Taylor.
Cast: Frank Clark im Whitney Newton House, Louise Lorraine, Jay Wilsey, Edmund Cobb.
Universal Pictures Corporation production; distributed by Universal Pictures Corporation.
Scenario by Basil Dickey and George Morgan, from a novel by George Alfred Henty.
Cinematography by Frank Redman. Twelve episodes (two reels each): "A Treacherous Friend," released 15 April 1929. / Standard 35mm spherical 1.37:1 format. / Website-IMDb lists the release date of the first episode as 15 April 1928. Audio Theatre Productions *''Under Drake's Flag'' (2013), Heirloom Audio Productions * ''In Freedom's Cause'' (2014), Heirloom Audio Productions *''With Lee in Virginia'', Heirloom Audio Productions *''In the Reign of Terror'', Heirloom Audio Productions *''The Cat of Bubastes'', Heirloom Audio Productions *''Beric the Briton'', Heirloom Audio Productions *''The Dragon and the Raven'', Heirloom Audio Productions *''Captain Bayley's Heir,'' Heirloom Audio Productions *''Wulf the Saxon'', Heirloom Audio Productions


Notes


References


External links

* * * *
Website of the Henty Society
*
Works by and about G. A. Henty
at Michigan Digitization Project
Works about G. A. Henty
a
BallantyneTheBrave.com

Alternative article containing additional information

G.A. Henty Collection
at th
University of South Florida


* {{DEFAULTSORT:Henty, G. A. 1832 births 1902 deaths Military personnel from Cambridge Royal Army Service Corps officers British Army personnel of the Crimean War People of the Abyssinian War People from Weymouth, Dorset British war correspondents People from Trumpington People educated at Westminster School, London English historical novelists Burials at Brompton Cemetery Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge 19th-century English novelists Victorian novelists Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age