Fārs

Fars Province or Pars Province, also known as Persis or Farsistan (فارسستان), is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Shiraz.

Pars province has an area of 122,400 km² and is located in Iran's southwest, in Region 2. It neighbours the provinces of Bushehr to the west, Hormozgan to the south, Kerman and Yazd to the east, Isfahan to the north, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad to the northwest.

Etymology

The Persian word Pa''rs'' (), derived from the earlier form ''Pârs'' (), which is in turn derived from ' (), the Old Persian name for the Persis region. The names ''Parsa'' and ''Persia'' originate from this region.

Pars is the historical homeland of the Persian people. It was the homeland of the Achaemenid and Sasanian Persian dynasties of Iran, who reigned on the throne by the time of the ancient Persian Empires. The ruins of the Achaemenid capitals Pasargadae and Persepolis, among others, demonstrate the ancient history of the region. Due to the historical importance of this region, the entire country has historically been also referred to as ''Persia'' in the West. Prior to caliphate rule, this region was known as ''Pars''.

History

Persis

The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 10th century BC, and became the rulers of the largest empire the world had yet seen under the Achaemenid dynasty which was established in the mid 6th century BC, at its peak stretching from Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria- Paeonia and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in its far east. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located in Pars.

The Achaemenid Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC, incorporating most of their vast empire. Shortly after this the Seleucid Empire was established. However, it never extended its power in Pars beyond the main trade routes, and by the reign of Antiochus I or possibly later Persis emerged as an independent state that minted its own coins.

The Seleucid Empire was subsequently defeated by the Parthians in 238 BC, but by 205 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III had extended his authority into Persis and it ceased to be an independent state.

Babak was the ruler of a small town called Kheir. Babak's efforts in gaining local power at the time escaped the attention of Artabanus IV, the Parthian Arsacid Emperor of the time. Babak and his eldest son Shapur I managed to expand their power over all of Persis.

The subsequent events are unclear. Following the death of Babak around 220, Ardashir who at the time was the governor of Darabgird, got involved in a power struggle of his own with his elder brother Shapur. The sources tell us that in 222, Shapur was killed when the roof of a building collapsed on him.

At this point, Ardashir moved his capital further to the south of Persis and founded a capital at Ardashir-Khwarrah (formerly Gur, modern day Firouzabad). After establishing his rule over Persis, Ardashir I rapidly extended the territory of his Sassanid Persian Empire, demanding fealty from the local princes of Pars, and gaining control over the neighboring provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Susiana, and Mesene.

Artabanus marched a second time against Ardashir I in 224. Their armies clashed at Hormizdegan, where Artabanus IV was killed. Ardashir was crowned in 226 at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia, bringing the 400-year-old Parthian Empire to an end, and starting the virtually equally long rule of the Sassanian Empire, over an even larger territory, once again making Persia a leading power in the known world, only this time along with its arch-rival and successor to Persia's earlier opponents (the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire); the Byzantine Empire.

The Sassanids ruled for 425 years, until the Muslim armies conquered the empire. Afterwards, the Persians started to convert to Islam, this making it much easier for the new Muslim empire to continue the expansion of Islam.

Persis then passed hand to hand through numerous dynasties, leaving behind numerous historical and ancient monuments; each of which has its own values as a world heritage, reflecting the history of the province, Iran, and West Asia. The ruins of Bishapur, Persepolis, and Firouzabad are all reminders of this. The Arab invaders brought about an end to centuries Zoroastrian political and cultural dominance over the region; supplanted as the faith of the ruling class in the 7th century by Islam, which and over the next 200 years gradually expanded to include a majority of the population.

Demographics

Language and ethnicity

The main ethnic group in the province consists of Persians (including Larestani people and the Basseri), while Qashqai, Lurs, Arabs, Kurds, Georgians, and Circassians constitute minorities.

Due to the geographical characteristics of Fars and its proximity to the Persian Gulf, Fars has long been a residing area for various peoples and rulers of Iran. However, the tribes of Fars including, Mamasani Lurs, Khamseh and Kohkiluyeh have kept their native and unique cultures and lifestyles which constitute part of the cultural heritage of Iran attracting many tourists. Kurdish tribes include Uriad, Zangana, Chegini, Kordshuli and Kuruni.P. Oberling, "FĀRS vii. Ethnography", Encyclopaedia Iranica>

Among the hundreds of thousands of Georgians and Circassians that were transplanted to Persia under Shah Abbas I, his predecessors, and successors, a certain amount of them were to guard the main caravan routes; many were settled around Āspās and other villages along the old Isfahan-Shiraz road. By now the vast majority Caucasians that were settled in Pars have lost their cultural, linguistic, and religious identity, having mostly been assimilated into the population.

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 4,220,721 people in 1,014,690 households. The following census in 2011 counted 4,596,658 people in 1,250,135 households, of whom 67.6% were registered as urban dwellers (urban/suburbs), 32.1% villagers (small town/rural), and 0.3% nomad tribes. The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 4,851,274 people in 1,443,027 households.

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of Fars province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 3,401,675 people (over 70% of the population of Pars province) live in the following cities:

Most populous cities

The following sorted table lists the most populous cities in Pars according to the 2016 census results announced by the Statistical Center of Iran.

Climate and wildlife

There are three distinct climatic regions in the Pars province. First, the mountainous area of the north and northwest with moderate cold winters and mild summers. Secondly, the central regions, with relatively rainy mild winters, and hot dry summers. The third region located in the south and southeast has cold winters with hot summers. The average temperature of Shiraz is 16.8 °C, ranging between 4.7 °C and 29.2 °C.

The geographical and climatic variation of the province causes varieties of plants; consequently, variation of wildlife has been formed in the province. Additional to the native animals of the province, many kinds of birds migrate to the province every year. Many kinds of ducks, storks and swallows migrate to this province in an annual parade. The main native animals of the province are gazelle, deer, mountain wild goat, ram, ewe and many kinds of birds. In the past, like in Khuzestan Plain, the Persian lion had occurred here.Humphreys, P., Kahrom, E. (1999)
Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran
Images Publishing, Avon.

The province of Pars includes many protected wildlife zones. The most important protected zones are:
* Toot Siah (Black Berry) Hunt Forbidden Zone, which is located at the end of Boanat region.
* Basiran Hunt Forbidden Zone, which is located 4 kilometers south to Abadeh;
* Bamu National Park, which is located north-east of Shiraz;
* Estahban Forest Park (Parke Jangaly), which is located on the outskirts of Touraj mountain;
* Hermoodlar Protected Zone, which is located east to Larestan.

Arjan Meadow and Lake Parishan are designated Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar convention.

Economy

Agriculture is of great importance in Pars. The major products include cereal (wheat and barley), citrus fruits, dates, sugar beets and cotton. Pars has major petrochemical facilities, along with an oil refinery, a factory for producing tires, a large electronics industry, and a sugar mill. Tourism is also a large industry in the province. UNESCO has designated an area in the province, called Arzhan (known as ''Dasht e Arjan'') as a biosphere reserve. Shiraz, provincial capital of Pars, is the namesake of Shirazi wine. A large number of wine factories existed in the city.

Transportation

Shiraz Airport is the main international airport of the province and the second in the country. The cities of Jahrom, Lar and Lamerd also have airports linking them with Shiraz and Tehran and nearby Persian Gulf countries such as the UAE and Bahrain. Shiraz is along the main route from Tehran to southern Iran.

Higher education

The Pars province is home to many higher education institutes and universities. The main universities of the province include Shiraz University, Shiraz University of Arts, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Technology, Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Jahrom University, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom.

Notable people

* Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenian Empire
* Ardashir the Unifier, founder of the Sassanian Empire
* Karim Khan, founder of the Zand dynasty
* Lotf Ali Khan, the last ruler of the Zand dynasty
* Saadi, writer and poet, born and died in Shiraz
* Hafez Shirazi, poet, born and died in Shiraz
* Barbad, the Persian musician of the Sassanid era, born in Jahrom
* Mulla Sadra, Iranian Shia Islamic philosopher and theologian
* Qotb al-Din Kazeruni, born in Kazerun
* Mansur Hallaj, Persian mystic, killed in the 9th century AD
* Salman the Persian, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the first Persian who converted to Islam
* Gholamhossein Saber, artist
* Reza Malekzadeh, born in Kazerun
* Christiane Amanpour's father is originally from Sarvestan, Fars.
* Sibawayh, one of the founders of Arabic grammar, died in Shiraz
* Hakim Salman Jahromi, the special doctor of Abbas the Great. He was from Jahrom.
* Ibn Muqaffa, or Ruzbeh Dadwayh, Persian writer and translator from the 8th century AD
* Zahra Kazemi, photographer, born in Shiraz
* Ladan and Laleh Bijani, famous conjoined twins, born in Shiraz
* Khwaju Kermani, buried in Shiraz
* Jamshid Amouzegar
* Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee, born in Shiraz
* Ibn Khafif, a 9th-century sage, buried in Shiraz
* Sheikh Ruzbehan
* Afshin Ghotbi, football manager of Iranian National Team
* Meulana Shahin Shirazi, Persian Jewish poet and wiseman
* Junayd Shirazi
* Mohsen Kadivar
* Ata'ollah Mohajerani, representative of Shiraz in the Majlis
* Saeed Emami
* Gholam Reza Azhari
* Siyyid Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad, the Báb
* Mohammad Hashem Pesaran, the most honored Iranian economist
* Firouz Naderi, Iranian-American scientist and the associate director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), responsible for Project Formulation and Strategy. He was born in Shiraz.
* Ebrahim Golestan, filmmaker and literary figure
* Kaveh Golestan, photojournalist and artist
* Habibollah Peyman, Iranian politician
* Mohsen Safaei Farahani, Iranian politician
* Simin Daneshvar, academic, renowned novelist, fiction writer and translator

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

Province of Fars on Iran Chamber Society
* (Bibliography)

Fars Tourist Attractions

{{Sassanid Provinces

Provinces of Iran