Fusarium Monoliforme

''Fusarium'' (; ) is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these ''Fusarium'' species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some ''Fusarium'' species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals.

The name of ''Fusarium'' comes from Latin ''fusus'', meaning a spindle.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts of speciation (lumpers and splitters).

Phylogenetic studies seven major clades within the genus.

There is a proposed conceptwidely subscribed by specialiststhat would include essentially the genus as it now stands, including especially all agriculturally significant ''Fusaria''. There is a counterproposal (unrelated to ) that goes far in the other direction, with seven entirely new genera.

Subdivision

Various schemes have subdivided the genus into subgenera and sections. There is a poor correlation between sections and phylogenetic clades.

Sections previously described include:

* ''Arachnites''
* ''Arthrosporiella''
* ''Discolour''
* ''Elegans''
* ''Eupionnotes''
* ''Gibbosum''
* ''Lateritium''
* ''Liseola''
* ''Martiella''
* ''Ventricosum''
* ''Roseum''
* ''Spicarioides''
* ''Sporotrichiella''

Species

Selected species include:

* ''Fusarium acaciae''
* ''Fusarium fujikuroi''
* ''Fusarium acaciae-mearnsii''
* ''Fusarium acuminatum''
* ''Fusarium acutatum''
* ''Fusarium aderholdii''
* ''Fusarium acremoniopsis''
* ''Fusarium affine''
* ''Fusarium arthrosporioides''
* ''Fusarium avenaceum''
* ''Fusarium bubigeum''
* ''Fusarium circinatum''
* ''Fusarium crookwellense''
* ''Fusarium culmorum''
* ''Fusarium graminearum''
* ''Fusarium incarnatum''
* ''Fusarium langsethiae''
* '' Fusarium mangiferae''
* '' Fusarium merismoides''
* ''Fusarium oxysporum''
* '' Fusarium pallidoroseum''
* '' Fusarium poae''
* '' Fusarium proliferatum''
* '' Fusarium pseudograminearum''
* '' Fusarium redolens''
* '' Fusarium sacchari''
* ''Fusarium solani''
* ''Fusarium sporotrichioides''
* '' Fusarium sterilihyphosum''
* '' Fusarium subglutinans''
* '' Fusarium sulphureum''
* '' Fusarium tricinctum''
* '' Fusarium udum''
* ''Fusarium venenatum''
* '' Fusarium verticillioides''
* '' Fusarium virguliforme''
* '' Fusarium xyrophilum''

Pathogen

The genus includes a number of economically important plant pathogenic species.

''Fusarium graminearum'' commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries, as well as feed barley. ''Fusarium'' contamination in barley can result in head blight, and in extreme contaminations, the barley can appear pink.''Brewing Microbiology'', 3rd edition. Priest and Campbell, The genome of this wheat and maize pathogen has been sequenced. ''F. graminearum'' can also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion.

''Fusarium oxysporum'' f.sp. ''cubense'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana (''Musa'' spp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana. Panama disease affects a wide range of banana cultivars, which are propagated asexually from offshoots and therefore have very little genetic diversity. Panama disease is one of the most destructive plant diseases of modern times, and caused the commercial disappearance of the once dominant Gros Michel cultivar. A more recent strain also affects the Cavendish cultivars which commercially replaced Gros Michel. It is considered inevitable that this susceptibility will spread globally and commercially wipe out the Cavendish cultivar, for which there are currently no acceptable replacements.

''Fusarium oxysporum'' f. sp. ''narcissi'' causes rotting of the bulbs (basal rot) and yellowing of the leaves of daffodils (''Narcissi'').

In 2021 it was discovered that '' Fusarium xyrophilum'' was able to hijack a South American species of yellow-eyed '' Xyris'' grass, creating fake flowers, fooling bees and other pollinating insects into visiting them, taking fungal spores to other plants.

In humans

Some species may cause a range of opportunistic infections in humans. In humans with normal immune systems, fusarial infections may occur in the nails (onychomycosis) and in the cornea ( keratomycosis or mycotic keratitis). In humans whose immune systems are weakened in a particular way, (neutropenia, i.e., very low neutrophils count), aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the entire body and bloodstream (disseminated infections) may be caused by members of the ''Fusarium solani'' complex, ''Fusarium oxysporum'', '' Fusarium verticillioides'', '' Fusarium proliferatum'' and, rarely, other fusarial species.

Research

The isolation medium for ''Fusaria'' is usually peptone PCNB agar (peptone pentachloronitrobenzene agar, PPA). For '' F. oxysporum'' specifically, Komada's medium is most common. Differential identification is difficult in some strains. Vegetative compatibility group analysis is best for some, is one usable method for others, and requires such a large number of assays that it is too complicated for yet others.

Use as human food

''Fusarium venenatum'' is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the name Quorn in Europe and North America.

''Fusarium strain flavolapis'' is also produced as a human food by Nature's Fynd under the name Fy in North America. It is used as a part of Le Bernardin menu in several dishes.

Some consumers of fusarium products have shown food allergies similar in nature to peanut and other food allergies. People with known sensitivities to molds should exercise caution when consuming such products.

Biological warfare

Mass casualties occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s when ''Fusarium''-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causing alimentary toxic aleukia with a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and prostration, and within days, fever, chills, myalgias and bone marrow depression with granulocytopenia and secondary sepsis occurred. Further symptoms included pharyngeal or laryngeal ulceration and diffuse bleeding into the skin (petechiae and ecchymoses), melena, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, hematemesis, epistaxis, vaginal bleeding, pancytopenia and gastrointestinal ulceration. ''Fusarium sporotrichoides'' contamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use in biological warfare. The active ingredient was found to be trichothecene T-2 mycotoxin, and it was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed "yellow rain", to cause 6,300 deaths in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan between 1975 and 1981. The "biological warfare agent" was later purported to be merely bee feces, but the issue remains disputed.

Pest

Fusarium has posed a threat to the ancient cave paintings in Lascaux since 1955, when the caves were first opened to visitors. The caves subsequently closed and the threat subsided, but the installation of an air conditioning system in 2000 caused another outbreak of the fungus which is yet to be resolved.

Microbiota

Fusarium may be part of microbiota including digestive as well as oral/dental, there have been rare cases of Fusariosis presenting as a necrotic ulceration of the gingiva, extending to the alveolar bone has been reported in a granulocytopenic patient.

References

Bibliography

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External links

''Fusarium'' and ''Verticillium'' Wilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper, and Eggplant







Evolution of ''Fusarium'' taxonomy. FAO 2014



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Simple explanation of ''Fusarium''. FAO 2014

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Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Animal diseases
Nectriaceae genera
Meat substitutes