Furnished Cages
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A furnished cage, sometimes called enriched cage, colony cage or modified cage, is a type of cage used in
poultry farming Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chickens – are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion c ...
for egg laying hens. Furnished cages have been designed to overcome some of the welfare concerns of
battery cage Battery cages are a housing system used by factory farms for various animal production methods, but primarily for egg-laying hens. The name arises from the arrangement of rows and columns of identical cages connected, in a unit, as in an artill ...
s (also called 'conventional' or 'traditional cages') whilst retaining their economic and husbandry advantages, and also provide some of the welfare advantages over non-cage systems. Many design features of furnished cages have been incorporated because research in
animal welfare science Animal welfare science is the scientific study of the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild. Although animal welfare has been of great concern for many thousands of years in religion and culture, the investigat ...
has shown them to be of benefit to the hens.


History and legislation

Battery cages have already banned in several countries including all
European Union member states The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of Lists of member states of the European Union, 27 member states that are party to the EU's Treaties of the European Union, founding treaties, and thereby subject to the privileges and ...
(since 2012 under European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC),
Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...
(since 2012) and
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
(since 1992).
New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...
will phase out battery cages by 2022 and
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
by 2036. Prototype commercial furnished cage systems were being developed in the 1980s. As alternatives to battery cages, the EU Council Directive allowed non-cage systems and furnished cages. Furnished cages therefore represent a feasible alternative to battery cages in the EU after 2012. Austria banned battery cages in 2009 and is set to ban furnished cages by 2020. Belgium officially prohibits battery cages for meat rabbits since 1 January 2020 and will also prohibit enriched cages from 31 January 2024. However, the alternative system of 'park cages', in which groups of at least 20 animals are given per animal (12.5 rabbits per m2) has also faced heavy criticism from animal welfarists, especially when in early 2020 the Flemish Centre for Agro and Fishery Marketing (VLAM) launched a campaign to consume more rabbit meat. Germany introduced a 'family cage', which has more space than the furnished cages used in other countries; however, consumers in Germany had reportedly been rejecting these eggs by 2011. Caged farming was eventually banned in Germany in 2015, with a transition period to 2025. Outside the EU, Switzerland has already banned both the battery and furnished cage systems. All major UK supermarkets have promised to stop selling eggs from furnished cages by 2025. In April 2010, the Norwegian grocery chain
Rema 1000 REMA 1000 (Bokmål: Rema tusen) is a Norwegian multinational no-frills soft-discount grocery chain owned entirely by REITAN. REMA is a short for ' (Reitan Food), referring to Odd Reitan (founder of the company). ''1000'' refers to offering a ...
decided to stop selling eggs from both battery and furnished cage hens by the year 2012. Several more industry groups have decided to voluntarily phase out furnished cages as well, such as
NorgesGruppen NorgesGruppen ASA is a Norwegian grocery wholesaling group which also runs various retail outlets. With a 43,2 % market share in 2018, NorgesGruppen was the largest player in the Norwegian grocery retail market. The business dates back to 1866 w ...
by 2019 and
Nortura Nortura is a Norwegian agricultural cooperative that operates slaughterhouses and other processing plants related to meat and eggs. The company was created as a merger between Gilde Norsk Kjøtt and Prior Norge in 2006, and has head offices in Os ...
by 2024, while in April 2017 the
Green Party A green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as environmentalism and social justice. Green party platforms typically embrace Social democracy, social democratic economic policies and fo ...
proposed to ban furnished cages throughout the country by 2025.


EU specifications

Under Directive 1999/74/EC, furnished cages must provide at least the following:
1. laying hens must have: :(a) at least 750 cm2 20 sq inof cage area per hen, 600 cm2 0 sq inof which shall be usable; the height of the cage other than that above the usable area shall be at least 20 cm "at every point and no cage shall have a total area that is less than 2000 cm2 00 sq in :(b) a nest; :(c) litter such that pecking and scratching are possible; :(d) appropriate perches allowing at least 15 cm "per hen; 2. a feed trough which may be used without restriction must be provided. Its length must be at least 12 cm "multiplied by the number of hens in the cage;
3. each cage must have a drinking system appropriate to the size of the group; where nipple drinkers are provided, at least two nipple drinkers or two cups must be within the reach of each hen;
4. to facilitate inspection, installation and depopulation of hens there must be a minimum aisle width of 90 cm 6"between tiers of cages and a space of at least 35 cm 4"must be allowed between the floor of the building and the bottom tier of cages;
5. cages must be fitted with suitable claw-shortening devices.
Additionally,
(a) if systems of rearing are used where the laying hens can move freely between different levels, :(i) there shall be no more than four levels; :(ii) the headroom between the levels must be at least 45 cm 8" :(iii) the drinking and feeding facilities must be distributed in such a way as to provide equal access for all hens; :(iv) the levels must be so arranged as to prevent droppings falling on the levels below.
As the minimum total area of per cage allows 2.7 times the minimum of cage area per hen, this means that a maximum of two laying hens is acceptable in the smallest of cages.


Furnished cages and battery cages

Furnished cages retain several advantages of battery cages in that they * Separate the eggs from the hens' feces thereby keeping the eggs clean * Protect the hens from predation * Automatically collect the eggs thereby preventing egg-eating and floor-laying which both incur additional cost * Retain a small group size which reduces injurious pecking behaviour


Current designs

There is no clear limit to the size of the furnished cages. Although initial models were not much larger than conventional battery cages, most current designs house 40 to 80 hens although one system houses 115 hens. The depth of furnished cages is often more than the depth of battery cages and as a result, they are often arranged with only one cage row per level, i.e. not connected back-to-back. The more shallow cages can be connected back-to-back. To create space for large groups of hens, some designs of furnished cages are very long. Cage bottoms are made of wire mesh or plastic slats and are sloped so that eggs not laid in the nest box roll onto an egg belt. Feed is provided in feeders outside the cage, although in some designs there may be internal feeders or a combination of the two. Perches in some designs are raised and in others are at floor level.


Welfare benefits

In a study by Sherwin et al. (2010), which compared the welfare benefits of hens in furnished cages, battery cages,
free range Free range denotes a method of farming husbandry where the animals can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day, rather than being confined in an enclosure for 24 hours each day. On many farms, the outdoors ranging area is fenced, th ...
and barn systems, hens in furnished cages had the lowest faecal
corticosterone Corticosterone, also known as 17-deoxycortisol and 11β,21-dihydroxyprogesterone, is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In the very rare case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due ...
(a
hormone A hormone (from the Ancient Greek, Greek participle , "setting in motion") is a class of cell signaling, signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physio ...
that indicates stress levels), the lowest number of hens that were vent pecked, lowest number of egg shells with calcium spots (an indicator of stress when the egg is temporarily retained by the hen), lowest number of egg shells with blood spots on (usually caused by prolapse), lowest score of skin damage, lowest severity of vent damage caused by vent pecking and lowest plumage soiling. Hens in furnished cages had a similar percentage of hens with recent keel fractures which are usually caused during depopulation (3.6%) compared to hens in barn (1.2%) and free-range systems (1.3%), all of which were considerably lower than in hens from battery cages (24.6%). Furthermore, hens in furnished cages had a smaller percentage of old keel fractures (31.7%) compared to hens in barn (69.1%) and free-range (59.8%) systems but more than hens in battery cages (17.7%). This indicates that furnished cages protect against the keel breaks that are common amongst non-caged hens and also protects against the effects of
osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to more porous bone, and consequent increase in Bone fracture, fracture risk. It is the most common reason f ...
prevalent in battery cages causing bones to be weak and easily broken during depopulation. In this study, mortality rates were above the breed standards in all systems except the furnished cages.


Welfare disadvantages

Furnished cages provide more space than battery cages but still prevent some behaviours such as vigorous wing-flapping, flying, nest-building (no materials are provided) and inhibit others (comfort or grooming behaviours) determined partly by the numbers of hens in the cage. The hens are not separated from their feces as completely as hens in battery cages and therefore are at a greater risk of disease, although not as great as the risk to hens in non-cage systems. The small amount of litter that is provided in furnished cages is often distributed quickly or flicked out the cage, possibly resulting in frustration for hens wishing to dustbath and resulting in sham dustbathing. The nest boxes are often occupied by hens using the box for behaviours other than egg-laying (e.g. for sleeping or sham dustbathing) which could lead to frustration in hens wishing to lay an egg.


Production in furnished cages

Some studies indicate that production in furnished cages is comparable to that in battery cages. Other studies indicate hens housed in furnished cages have better bodyweights and egg production compared to hens in battery cages.


See also

*
Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity Abnormal behavior of birds in captivity has been found to occur among both domesticated and wild birds. Abnormal behavior can be defined in several ways. Statistically, 'abnormal' is when the occurrence, frequency or intensity of a behaviour var ...
*
Cannibalism (poultry) Cannibalism in poultry is the act of one individual of a poultry species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. It commonly occurs in flocks of domestic hens reared for egg production, although it can also occu ...
* Chicken#Farming *
Feather pecking Feather pecking is a behavior that occurs most frequently amongst domestic hens reared for egg production,Huber-Eicher, B. and Sebo, F. 2001. The prevalence of feather pecking and development in commercial flocks of laying hens. Applied Animal Be ...


References

{{Egg Laying Chicken Animal welfare Buildings and structures used to confine animals Poultry farming