Funaria (plant)

''Funaria'' is a genus of approximately 210 species of moss. ''Funaria hygrometrica'' is the most common species. ''Funaria hygrometrica'' is called “cord moss” because of the twisted seta which is very hygroscopic and untwists when moist. The name is derived from the Latin word “funis”, meaning "a rope". In funaria root like structures called rhizoids are present.

Capsules are abundant with the moss surviving as spore when conditions are not suitable.

Moss plant Funaria grows in dense patches or cushions in moist shady and cool places on rocks, walls or crevices during the rainy seasons. It has a height of 3–5 cm, a radial symmetry with a differentiation of an axis or stem, leaves or phylloids are multicellular colorless branched rhizoids with oblique septa.

These are primitive multicellular, autotrophic, shade loving, amphibious plants. They reproduce by spore formation. They have no vascular system. Root like structures called rhizoids are present. They show alternation of generation i.e. the gametophytic stage alternates with the sporophytic stage.

External structure of gametophyte

Plant body is gametophytic and consists of two stages: juvenile and adult.

The juvenile stage is represented by "primary protonema" (thread-like structures formed directly by spore germination).

The adult stage is represented by leafy gametophore which is differentiated into rhizoids, axis and leaves. Rhizoids arise from the base of the axis and they are slender, branched, obliquely septate and provides anchorage for the bryophyte. The axis is a stem-like structure arising from the rhizoid, long, slender, monopodially branched. The each branch is extra axilliary arising form the base of a leaf. The leaves are sessile, oblong-ovate with entire margin and pointed apex. Each leaf is transversed by a mid rib. Leaves are born spirally around the axis.

Morphology

The adult plant body is foliose gametophyte which is leafy and branched which is differentiated into axis, leaves, rhizoids.

Axis/Stem: Small, erect, upright, slender, monopodially branched

Leaves: Spirally arranged around the axis. Flat, green with a well-defined mid-rib. Lower leaves are smaller and scattered and upper leaves are large and crowded.

Rhizoids: Basal, branched, multicellular, obliquely septated mainly for absorption of minerals and anchorage to substratum.

T.S. of axis

Divided into 3 regions:

* epidermis (outermost single layered protective layer bearing chlorophyllated cells)
* cortex (layer of parenchymatous cells between epidermis and central conducting strands; young cells have chloroplasts and older cells lack chloroplasts)
* inner conducting strands (made of long, narrow, slender, dead cells which is mainly used for mechanical support to the axis and for water conduction.

T.S of leaf

The transverse section of the leaf shows a well-defined mid-rib with two lateral wings except in the mid-rib region. There are single-layered parenchymatous polygonal cells with prominent chloroplasts. The central part of the mid-rib has a narrow conducting strand of thick walled cells that helps in conduction.

Accepted species

# '' Funaria acicularis'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria acidota'' (Taylor) Broth.
# ''Funaria acutifolia'' (Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria aequidens'' Lindb. ex Broth.
# '' Funaria altiseta'' (Herzog) Broth.
# '' Funaria altissima'' Dixon
# ''Funaria americana'' Lindb.
# ''Funaria ampliretis'' (Rehmann ex Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# ''Funaria andicola'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# ''Funaria anomala'' Jur.
# ''Funaria antarctica'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# ''Funaria apiahyensis'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# ''Funaria apiculatopilosa'' Cardot
# '' Funaria apophysata'' (Taylor) Broth.
# ''Funaria arctica'' (Berggr.) Kindb.
# ''Funaria arenicola'' (Lazarenko) Loeske
# ''Funaria aristatula'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria balansae'' (Besch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria beccarii'' (Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria bergiana'' (Hornsch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria berteroana'' Hampe ex Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria beyrichii'' Hampe
# '' Funaria bogosica'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria bonplandii'' (Hook.) Broth.
# '' Funaria borbonica'' (Besch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria borneensis'' Dixon
# '' Funaria brassii'' (E.B. Bartram) W. Schultze-Motel
# '' Funaria buseana'' (Dozy & Molk.) Broth.
# '' Funaria calvescens'' Schwägr.
# '' Funaria cameruniae'' Dixon
# '' Funaria campylopodioides'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria capillaris'' Warnst.
# '' Funaria capillipes'' Broth.
# '' Funaria cartilaginea'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria chevalieri'' P. de la Varde
# '' Funaria chilensis'' (Thér.) Thér.
# '' Funaria chiloensis'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria clavaeformis'' (Müll. Hal. & Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria clavata'' (Mitt.) Magill
# '' Funaria clavellata'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria commixta'' Thér.
# '' Funaria commutata'' (Durieu & Mont.) Lindb.
# '' Funaria contorta'' (E.B. Bartram) W. Schultze-Motel
# '' Funaria convexa'' Spruce
# '' Funaria costesii'' Thér.
# '' Funaria curvi-apiculata'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria curvipes'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria curviseta'' (Schwägr.) Milde
# '' Funaria decaryi'' Thér.
# '' Funaria delicatula'' Thér.
# '' Funaria deserticola'' Trab.
# '' Funaria discelioides'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria diversinervis'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria dozyana'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria eberhardtii'' (Broth. & Paris) Broth.
# '' Funaria erectiuscula'' Mitt.
# '' Funaria euryloma'' Dixon
# '' Funaria eurystoma'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria excurrentinervis'' Cardot & P. de la Varde
# '' Funaria faucium'' (Herzog) Broth.
# '' Funaria flava'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria flavicans'' Michx.
# '' Funaria flexiseta'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria fontana'' (Herzog) Broth.
# '' Funaria fontanesii'' Schwägr.
# '' Funaria fritzei'' Geh.
# '' Funaria fuscescens'' Mitt.
# '' Funaria glabripes'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria gracilis'' (Hook. f. & Wilson) Broth.
# '' Funaria grossidens'' Broth.
# '' Funaria hildebrandtii'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria holstii'' Broth.
# '' Funaria hookeriana'' Thér.
# '' Funaria hosseusii'' E.B. Bartram
# '' Funaria husnotii'' (Schimp. ex Besch.) Broth.
# ''Funaria hygrometrica'' Hedw.
# '' Funaria hygrometrica f. breviseta'' (Broth.) Cufod.
# '' Funaria hygrometrica var. calvescens'' (Schwägr.) Mont.
# '' Funaria hygrometrica x physcomitrium acuminatum'' L. Bauer & Broseg
# '' Funaria imerinensis'' Cardot
# '' Funaria incompleta'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria incurvifolia'' Müll. Hal. ex E. Britton
# '' Funaria inflata'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria integra'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria jamesonii'' (Taylor) Taylor
# '' Funaria japonica'' Broth.
# '' Funaria javanica'' (Dozy & Molk.) Broth.
# '' Funaria kilimandscharica'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria koelzei'' E.B. Bartram
# '' Funaria krausei'' (Besch.) Geh. & Herzog
# '' Funaria laevis'' Mitt.
# '' Funaria laxissima'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria leibergii'' (E. Britton) Broth.
# '' Funaria lepervanchei'' (Besch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria lignicola'' Broth.
# '' Funaria limbata'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria lindigii'' (Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria linearidens'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria longicollis'' Dixon
# '' Funaria longiseta'' (Schimp.) Broth.
# '' Funaria ludoviciae'' Broth. & Paris
# '' Funaria luteo-limbata'' Broth.
# '' Funaria lutescens'' (Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria macrocarpa'' (Schimp.) R.H. Zander
# '' Funaria macrospora'' R.S. Williams
# '' Funaria maireana'' Copp.
# '' Funaria marginatula'' (Müll. Hal.) Cardot
# '' Funaria mathwesii'' (Hook. f.) Broth.
# '' Funaria mauritiana'' (Schimp. ex Besch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria mayottensis'' (Besch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria meeseacea'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria megalostoma'' Mitt.
# '' Funaria microcarpa'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria micropyxis'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria microstoma'' Bruch ex Schimp.
# '' Funaria minuticaulis'' (Müll. Hal. ex Geh.) Watts & Whitel.
# '' Funaria mittenii'' (Dozy & Molk.) Broth.
# '' Funaria muhlenbergii'' Turner
# '' Funaria muhlenbergii var. alpina'' (J.J. Amann) Castelli
# '' Funaria nilotica'' Broth.
# '' Funaria noumeana'' (Besch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria nubica'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria obtusa'' (Hedw.) Lindb.
# '' Funaria obtusa var. ahnfeltii'' (Fr.) Kindb.
# '' Funaria obtusa var. notarisii'' (Schimp.) Pavletic
# '' Funaria obtusata'' Schimp.
# '' Funaria obtuso-apiculata'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria oligophylla'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria orizabensis'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria orthocarpa'' Mitt.
# '' Funaria ouropratensis'' (Paris) Thér.
# '' Funaria papillosa'' (Müll. Hal.) Wijk & Margad.
# '' Funaria paucifolia'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria pellucida'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria perlaxa'' Thér.
# '' Funaria perrottetii'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria pilifera'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria plagiothecia'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria planifolia'' (Thwaites & Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria polaris'' Bryhn
# '' Funaria porteri'' Thér.
# '' Funaria producta'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria puiggarii'' (Geh. & Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria pulchella'' H. Philib.
# '' Funaria pulchra'' Dixon & P. de la Varde
# '' Funaria pulchricolor'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria ramulosa'' (Hampe) Paris
# '' Funaria renauldii'' (Thér.) Cardot
# '' Funaria rhizomatica'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# ''Funaria rhizophylla'' (Sakurai) Sakurai
# '' Funaria rhomboidea'' J. Shaw
# '' Funaria riparia'' Lindb.
# '' Funaria robustior'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria rottleri'' (Schwägr.) Broth.
# '' Funaria saharae'' Trab.
# '' Funaria sartorii'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria schinzii'' (Geh.) Broth.
# '' Funaria schnyderi'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria serrata'' Brid.
# '' Funaria serricola'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria sickenbergeri'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria sinuato-limbata'' Cardot & P. de la Varde
# '' Funaria sipascoyae'' (Herzog) Broth.
# '' Funaria sovatensis'' Schimp. ex Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria spathulata'' Schimp. ex Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria spathulifolia'' (Cardot & Thér.) Broth.
# '' Funaria subcuspidata'' Broth.
# '' Funaria suberecta'' Mitt.
# '' Funaria subimmarginata'' Cardot & P. de la Varde
# '' Funaria subleptopoda'' Hampe
# '' Funaria submarginata'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria subnuda'' Taylor
# '' Funaria subplanifolia'' Broth.
# '' Funaria subtilis'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria subulata'' (E.B. Bartram) W. Schultze-Motel
# '' Funaria succuleata'' (Wager & C.H. Wright) Broth. ex Magill
# '' Funaria tenella'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria trumpffii'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria uleana'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria undulata'' (Hampe) Broth.
# '' Funaria urceolata'' (Mitt.) Magill
# '' Funaria usambarica'' Broth.
# '' Funaria valdiviae'' Müll. Hal.
# '' Funaria varia'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria verrucosa'' (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
# '' Funaria volkensii'' Broth.
# '' Funaria wallichii'' (Mitt.) Broth.
# '' Funaria wichurae'' (M. Fleisch.) Broth.
# '' Funaria wijkii'' R.S. Chopra

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2253527

Funariales
Moss genera
Taxa named by Johann Hedwig