Terminology
When used in the context of developing countries, the term ''energy poverty'' is often used synonymously with household energy insecurity, i.e. the ability to afford energy within the home. In the context of developed countries, ''energy poverty'' more often refers to a lack of any access to modern energy infrastructure.Contributing factors
Relative energy cost
The cost of energy relative to household income impacts affordability of energy. Households are generally defined as energy burdened if energy costs exceed 10% of gross household income. In areas with more infrastructure and resources, households may face barriers to meeting energy needs due to the cost of purchasing, repairing, or maintaining equipment such as air conditioners or heating units as well as costs from running the equipment. In areas with fewer infrastructure and resources, relative energy cost may impact type of fuel used, such as cheaper less efficient and more polluting fuels being used over more efficient and less polluting but costly fuels.Housing conditions
Housing conditions such as household energy efficiency and the use of old or inefficient heating systems may impact energy insecurity Energy insecure households are more likely to report poor insulation or drafts in their home such as from windows or doors, which may be more common in older or poorly maintained housing. Poorly insulated homes may have higher energy costs. Household energy efficiency improvements have also been associated with small but significant improvements in health.Personal behavior
When faced with high energy costs, the concerns may influence energy-related behaviors at the household and individual levels. For example, Households are forced to make a decision on what basic needs to sacrifice. A common decision low income households have to make is linked to food insecurity, known as the "heat or eat" dilemma, where a household sacrifices food in order to address the household energy concerns. Also, households might try to reduce energy bills by reducing usage of energy systems by keeping their homes at temperatures that might either be too hot or cold.Health Effects
Energy is considered a basic necessity as it allows for access to heating, lighting and cooking. Without this basic necessity it can lead to major health implications as studies have shown links with respiratory issues, mental health, and stress. There is an increased chance of environmental exposures to dampness, mold, and thermal discomfort. Women, children, and infants are most vulnerable to health effects caused by energy insecurity. One alternative to heating and cooking as a result of energy insecurity, common in developing countries, is burning solid fuels. Death can be caused by smoky environments from inefficient stoves or from combustion of kerosene or coal for cooking. Around 600,000 lives are lost each year in Africa due to exposure of biomass smoke.Impacts and mitigation
A number of illnesses includingEnergy insecurity and climate change
More research is needed into how household energy use and needs are related toRegional Analysis
Energy insecurity is a global problem with contributing factors that may vary in different communities and countries.Household Energy Insecurity in developing countries
Household energy insecurity varies from region to region, there are differences between household energy insecurity for developed versus developing countries. Factors that can affect energy insecurity include income level, governance quality, trade openness, and foreign direct investment. Growing and urbanizing countries or regions, for example certain countries in Asia, are at a rapid increase in demand for energy which causes an increase in energy insecurity. With an increase in energy demand, solutions lie in developing new technology or relying on energy imports from other countries. While the goal is to be self-sufficient, the effort to bring in modern technology to provide sustainable energy will be outpaced by the demand as well as population growth. While energy insecurity still focuses on energy access, it looks different in every country. In developed countries like the United States, we are examining households that miss bill payments, experience shut offs or live in housing with poor insulation. In developing countries such as some sub saharan African countries, we are focusing on any access or availability of reliable and clean energy. In developing countries, the availability and governance of energy is the main key compared to the issues such as low income and affordance in developed countries.United States
The United States"have received a disconnection notice, have reduced or forgone basic necessities to pay energy bills, kept their houses at unsafe temperatures because of energy cost concerns, or been unable to repair heating or cooling equipment because of cost."In the United States, low-income households spend an average of over 8% of gross income on energy costs and household below the
Sociodemographics (US)
Studies done in the US, have proven that certain social characteristics and demographics are more likely to experience household energy insecurity than others. Some criteria to be considered energy insecure in the US include receiving a utility disconnection notice, experiencing a shutoff, or not being able to make a utility payment. Families most likely to be energy insecure are families 200% under the poverty line, have young children, or have no college degree. In terms of race, black and hispanic families are most likely to experience energy insecurity.Local efforts
*India
Households in India may face barriers to energy access due to a lack of available and affordable clean sources of energy. Costs for cooking and lighting can reach upwards of 20% of non-food expenditures in Indian households. Energy sources used may differ between rural versus urban communities. Cooking and heating with biomass fuels such as wood or dung is declining but is still fairly prevalent, contributing toEuropean Union
Nine percent of the EU population could not afford to heat their home sufficiently with Bulgaria scoring the highest of 39.2%.United Kingdom
In the UK, fuel poverty is defined by the Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act as: "a person is to be regarded as living "in fuel poverty" if he is a member of a household living on a lower income in a home which cannot be kept warm at reasonable cost". Statistically, this used to be defined as a household needing to spend more than 10% of its income to maintain an adequate heating regime. However, definitions of "income" and "adequate heating regime" vary between UK Government and Devolved Administrations. A new, more complex definition of fuel poverty is now used in the UK, based on the Hills review. This gave the following definition: fuel poverty is now defined as when a household's required fuel costs are above the median level, and if they were to spend what is required, then the household would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line. Additionally, a Fuel Poverty Indicator has been created, which shows how far into fuel poverty households are, not simply if they are in poverty or not. Fuel poverty has been the focus of political action since the early 1970s. In early 2008 it was estimated byReferences
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