The Front of Patriotic and National Parties – FPNP (
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
: جبهة الأحزاب الوطنية والقومية , ''Jabhat al-Ahzab al-Wataniyya wal-Qawmiyya'') was a Syrian-backed coalition of Lebanese Political parties and militias formed in the late 1970s.
Origins
It was formed in late March 1976 at
West Beirut
West Beirut is a term referring to the western part of Beirut, the Lebanese capital, which became popular during the Lebanese Civil War that lasted from 1975 to 1990, when the city was divided along sectarian lines into two main areas: West Beiru ...
by breakaway sections of the
Lebanese National Movement
The Lebanese National Movement (LNM; , ''Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya'') was a front of Leftist, pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War, which supported ...
(LNM), which included the pro-Syrian factions of the
Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon
The Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP-L) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Lebanon. The Lebanese section of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party advocates subsuming Lebanon into a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the F ...
(SSNP) and the
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region, commonly known as the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Lebanon ( ''Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī fī Lubnān'') and officially the Lebanon Regional Branch, is a political party in L ...
, the
Shia
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood ...
Amal Movement
The Amal Movement () is a Lebanese political party and militia affiliated mainly with the Shia community of Lebanon. It was founded by Musa al-Sadr and Hussein el-Husseini in 1974 as the "Movement of the Deprived." The party has been led by ...
led by
Musa al-Sadr
Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr (; ; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was a Lebanese-Iranian Shia Muslim cleric, politician and revolutionary In Lebanon. He founded and revived many Lebanese Shia organizations, including schools, charities ...
,
Kamal Shatila's
Union of Working People's Forces (UWPF) and the
Kurdish
Kurdish may refer to:
*Kurds or Kurdish people
*Kurdish language
** Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji)
**Central Kurdish (Sorani)
**Southern Kurdish
** Laki Kurdish
*Kurdish alphabets
*Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes:
**Southern ...
Razkari Party
The Rezgari Party or Razkari Party (; ) is a Lebanese-Kurdish political group that was established on 3 April 1975 by Faysal Fakhru, due to disagreement with the policies of the Kurdish Democratic Party – Lebanon (KDP-L) under Jamil Mihhu. The ...
. The FPNP supported the
June 1976 Syrian intervention in Lebanon.
[Rabinovich, ''The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985'' (1989), pp. 82–83.]
Decline and demise
The alliance lasted until mid-1982, when it collapsed together with their LNM rival in the wake of the
Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
See also
*
Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War ( ) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990. It resulted in an estimated 150,000 fatalities and led to the exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon.
The religious diversity of the ...
*
Lebanese National Movement
The Lebanese National Movement (LNM; , ''Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya'') was a front of Leftist, pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War, which supported ...
*
Lebanese National Salvation Front
*
Jammoul
Notes
References
*
Edgar O'Ballance
Major Edgar "Paddy" O'Ballance (17 July 1918, Dublin, Ireland – 8 July 2009, Wakebridge, Derbyshire, England) was an Irish-born British military journalist, researcher, defence commentator and academic lecturer specialising in internatio ...
, ''Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92'', Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
* Rex Brynen, ''Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon'', Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.
*
Itamar Rabinovich
Itamar Rabinovich (; born 8 October 1942) is the president of the Israel Institute (Washington and Jerusalem). He was Israel's Ambassador to the United States in the 1990s and former chief negotiator with Syria between 1993 and 1996, and the form ...
, ''The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985'', Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition). , 0-8014-9313-7
*Lucien Bitterlin, ''La flamme et le soufre'', VegaPress, 1988. (in
French language, French)
* Naomi Joy Weinberger, ''Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975-76 Civil War'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986. , 0195040104
*Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore, ''Historical Dictionary of Lebanon'', Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021. , 1538120437
External links
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978(in
French language, French)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Front Of Patriotic And National Parties
Arab militant groups
Defunct political party alliances in Lebanon
Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party
Rebel alliances