Freedom March (Belarus)

The Freedom March ( be, Марш свабо́ды, translit=Marš svabody) was a 1999 protest by the Belarusian opposition in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. The protest was caused as a result of fears of Belarus being annexed into Russia as part of the then-impending ratification of the Union State. Additional concerns of protesters were the enforced disappearances of opposition politicians Viktar Hanchar and Yury Zacharanka and, more broadly, the authoritarian rule of President Alexander Lukashenko. The protest, which ended in a violent confrontation between the city's police and protesters, resulted in the Belarusian government walking back plans for the Union State and the continued independence of Belarus from Russia.

Background

Belarus gained independence in 1991, amid the backdrop of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt and the broader dissolution of the Soviet Union. The export-oriented economy of Belarus remained economically tied to Russia following its independence, and, following Alexander Lukashenko being elected President in 1994, efforts to further integrate Belarus with Russia began. The Community of Belarus and Russia was formed in 1996, with further groundwork being laid for the unification of Belarus and Russia in 1997 and 1998.

The prospect of Belarus being annexed into Russia frightened the nascent Belarusian opposition, and in 1996 and 1997 the Minsk Spring (also referred to as the Belarusian Spring) protests occurred, but failed to halt the process of integration. By 1999, the treaty to form the Union State was close to being signed, with the support of Russian President Boris Yeltsin and oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Despite the support of Yeltsin and Berezovsky, Lukashenko was much more eager to pursue the union, due to what ''The Guardian'' referred to as Belarus' status as an "economic liability" for Russia.

Lukashenko's authoritarian rule was also a significant factor in the protests, specifically the enforced disappearances of opposition politicians Viktar Hanchar and Yury Zacharanka in the spring of 1999, as well as the imprisonment of other anti-Lukashenko activists. The non-binding, opposition-held 1999 Belarusian presidential election, which had resulted in the disappearances of Hanchar and Zacharanka, brought the government and opposition to the brink of confrontation.

Protests

In September 1999, a coalition of seven young members of the opposition, among them Ales Bialiatski, Vincuk Viačorka, Anatoly Lebedko, and Mikola Statkevich, announced the Freedom March in Minsk, scheduled for a month and a half later. Lebedko wrote at the time, "One of the objectives of the march is to provide a voice in support of the negotiation process, real negotiation, because to this day, only an imitation of it has been occurring." The intention was to gather at Yakub Kolas Square and move to Independence Square along the city's Independence Avenue. However, the Minsk police refused to give their consent to the protest, instead demanding it be moved to the remote .

On 17 October 1999, around noon, protesters began gathering at Yakub Kolas Square, where the police began making arrests. A black goat was brought to the march with the name of Lukashenko written on a sign tied to its horns, but was taken by OMON. In Yakub Kolas Square, there were about 15,000 protesters. By the time the procession had moved to Bangalore Square, the number of protesters numbered at around 30,000. There, a short rally was held before the column marched down to the city's first ring, where an attempt was made to enter Victory Square.

However, as the entrance to Victory Square was guarded, it was instead determined to travel down . At the intersection of May First and Frunze Streets, a minor confrontation occurred when a riot policeman. fought with protesters, injuring one officer. However, the procession continued until it reached the bridge of May First Street on the Svislach River

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