The Free State of Oldenburg () was a
federated state
A federated state (also State (polity), state, province, region, Canton (administrative division), canton, Länder, land, governorate, oblast, emirate, or country) is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation ...
that existed during the
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was the German Reich, German state from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclai ...
and
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
. It was established in 1918 following the
abdication
Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority. Abdications have played various roles in the Order of succession, succession procedures of monarchies. While some cultures have viewed abdication as an extreme abandonment of ...
of the Grand Duke
Frederick Augustus II of the
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg after the
German Revolution and was abolished by the
Allies following the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
.
Government
The state parliament consisted of a ''
landtag
A ''Landtag'' (State Diet) is generally the legislative assembly or parliament of a federated state or other subnational self-governing entity in German-speaking nations. It is usually a unicameral assembly exercising legislative competence ...
'' with a fluctuating number of members but not more than 48, elected for a term of three years by
universal suffrage
Universal suffrage or universal franchise ensures the right to vote for as many people bound by a government's laws as possible, as supported by the " one person, one vote" principle. For many, the term universal suffrage assumes the exclusion ...
. The state administration, headed by a
Minister-President, was responsible to the ''landtag'' and could be removed by a vote of no confidence. For most of the Weimar period, due to the political stalemate in the ''landtag'' with neither the parties of the left nor the right able to form a stable
parliamentary coalition, the state governments usually were headed by
non-partisan technocrats.
From 1925 to 1927, following
Bavaria
Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a States of Germany, state in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the list of German states by area, largest German state by land area, comprising approximately 1/5 of the total l ...
's lead, Oldenburg was one of many German states that issued a ban on
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
's participation in public meetings. However, in the
May 1932 ''landtag'' election, the
Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...
became the largest party with 48% of the vote and captured a majority of the ''landtag'' seats, for the first time in any German state. When the Nazi Party ''
Gauleiter
A ''Gauleiter'' () was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a ''Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany, Gau'' or ''Reichsgau''. ''Gauleiter'' was the third-highest Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party, rank in ...
'' of
Gau Weser-Ems,
Carl Röver, became Minister-President on 16 June 1932, Oldenburg became one of only five states to have installed a Nazi-led government before the Nazis came to power nationally.
Following their
seizure of power at the national level, the Nazi government enacted the "
Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich" that established more direct control over the states by means of the new powerful position of ''
Reichsstatthalter
The ''Reichsstatthalter'' (, ''Reich lieutenant'') was a title used in the German Empire and later in Nazi Germany.
''Statthalter des Reiches'' (1879–1918)
The office of ''Statthalter des Reiches'' (otherwise known as ''Reichsstatthalter'' ...
'' (Reich Governor). Röver was installed in this post for both Oldenburg and
Bremen
Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (, ), is the capital of the States of Germany, German state of the Bremen (state), Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (), a two-city-state consisting of the c ...
on 5 May 1933 and was succeeded as Minister-President by
Georg Joel.
When Röver died on 15 May 1942,
Paul Wegener became ''Reichsstatthalter''.
Rulers of Oldenburg
Minister-Presidents
* 1918–1919
Bernhard Kuhnt (
USPD)
* 1919–1923
Theodor Tantzen (
DDP)
* 1923–1930
Eugen von Finckh (non-partisan)
* 1930–1932
Friedrich Cassebohm (non-partisan)
* 1932–1933
Carl Röver (
NSDAP)
* 1933–1945
Georg Joel (NSDAP)
* 1945–1946
Theodor Tantzen (
FDP)
''Reichsstatthalter''
* 1933–1942
Carl Röver (NSDAP)
* 1942–1945
Georg Joel (NSDAP)
Territorial changes
The state originally consisted of the main district of
Oldenburg Land, as well as the two
exclave
An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is s ...
s of
Eutin
Eutin () is the district capital of Ostholstein, Eastern Holstein county located in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein. As of December 2022, the town had some 17,000 inhabitants.
History
The name Eutin (originally Utin) is of Slavic ...
near the Baltic coast and
Birkenfeld
Birkenfeld () is a town and the district seat of the Birkenfeld (district), Birkenfeld Districts of Germany, district in southwest Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is also the seat of the Birkenfeld (Verbandsgemeinde), like-named ''Verbandsge ...
in southwestern Germany. As a result of the
Greater Hamburg Act it lost both exclave districts to
Prussia
Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...
and gained the City of
Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (, ''Wilhelm's Harbour''; Northern Low Saxon: ''Willemshaven'') is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of the Jade Bight, a bay of the North Sea, and has a population of 76,089. Wilhelmsha ...
in return, effective 1 April 1937. By the beginning of the war in 1939, as a result of these territorial changes, Oldenburg had an area of and 580,000 inhabitants.
After the war, Oldenburg was part of the
British occupation zone. It lost its status as a separate German state when it was merged into the newly founded state of
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony is a States of Germany, German state (') in Northern Germany, northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ' of the Germany, Federal Re ...
as the administrative region () of Oldenburg, and became a part of
West Germany
West Germany was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the Bonn Republi ...
upon its establishment in May 1949. The two exclaves became part of the states of
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein (; ; ; ; ; occasionally in English ''Sleswick-Holsatia'') is the Northern Germany, northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of S ...
and
Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; ; ; ) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the sixteen states. Mainz is the capital and largest city. Other cities are ...
, respectively.
See also
*
Duchy of Oldenburg
*
Oldenburg (state)
*
Oldenburg Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic
*
Rulers of Oldenburg
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldenburg, Free State of
1918 establishments in Germany
1946 disestablishments in Germany
Former republics
Former states and territories of Lower Saxony
Oldenburg
FreeState
States and territories disestablished in 1946
States and territories established in 1918
Oldenburg